Essay on the importance of education Essay

The term education is derived from Latin, word ‘educere’, ‘educare’ and ‘educatum’ which means to ‘to learn’ , ‘to know’ and ‘to lead out’. Education is the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university: a course of education, the theory and practice of teaching. A body of knowledge acquired while being educated. In some occasions I would personally say that I am not always learning, this can be caused by: lack of focus; teacher being absent; cover teachers; teacher being unable to teach the subject well; destructive students or no interest in a topic. French is a pleasant subject to learn as it comprises a lotof active and team work which requires a lot of studying and patience. During the period of exams, later on the month of May 2012, I found myself talking and disrupting the class (due to the lack of focus) which was odd as French was one of my strongest subjects and a few in which I enjoyed. The reason for this was that my teacher was absent and we had a cover teacher which I imminently then thought that I had the privilege to mess about for there will be no consequences but I was wrong†¦ The only person this affected was me myself and this caused me into failing French with an E. One day in my Science class around mid March, we were studying momentum and I found myself tuned in with the lesson (which doesn’t happen often) and was fully focused which resulted to improving my understanding of the topic and Iaccumulated more information about it. The reason being was that the lesson was a mixture of practical active learning and theoretical learning. This made me to enjoy, have fun and partake in the lesson. I really did learn a lot despite my weakness and hatred for science. ‘Education is life itself’ Some people would agree with the statement that education is life itself and utter that education is the most powerful weapon and the key to success. Referring to the bible in Ecclesiastes7:12 ‘For the protection of wisdom is like the protection of money and the advantage of knowledge is that wisdom preserves the life of him who has it’. This quote may suggest that the survival of one may depend upon their knowledge. Being educated is an advantage in life so therefore we should cherish and preserve it as we would protect money. On the other hand, other people may disagree with this statement and say that education isn’t life itself for some people are not well educated but have managed to become successful,people such as:Abraham Lincoln, John D. Rockefeller, Amancio Ortega Gaona and many more. This comes to show that knowledge isn’t just the approval on a paper (degree) but can be physical and specialized skills. Also other unfortunate people mostly in LEDCs (less economically developed countries) such as: Egypt, Mali, Haiti, Ghana,Ukraine, Libya, Vietnametc but does this mean that due to lack of being educated results to individuals from these countries to not be successful ?Of course not. Finally, in my belief I think that education is very beneficial to all. From my personally experience I would say that living does in fact educate me, why? In the past I made mistakes that I had to learn from such as revising a week before an exam to major mistake as forbidden sins from the bible (The 10 commandments) but that’s alright because life never came with instructions. We all came to learn, to conquer and to succeed. Robert M. Hutchins aforementioned: ‘Education is not to reform students or amuse them or to make them expert technicians. It is to unsettle their minds widen their horizons inflame their intellects teach them to think straight. If possible’ sowhy is it that the older generation put a lot of pressure on the younger generation in other words the ‘youths’ to study hard to become doctors and lawyers? We cannot all be doctors and lawyers for God gave each individual a conscious to help us make right and wrong decisions and to follow our hearts. Education is life itself some would say, but I say education is a high light to life ‘the key to success. Victor Hugo ‘He who opens a school door, closes a prison.’

Anything Is Possible Essay

Elaine has sued Jerry because Jerry fired her. Elaine was on the job for two months. The job offer letter she had been given mentioned the great career opportunities at the company and stated that her annual salary would be $30,000. The employer is an employment at will employer. Elaine was given no reason for the termination. After the termination, Jerry hired a man named Kramer, who had less job experience and education than Elaine, for the position. Elaine has sued to get her job back. The result of this particular scenario has the opportunity to go either way. Jerry fired Elaine, a female, after just two months of working for him, and then Jerry hired a man. Elaine believes that Jerry fired her for discrimination against her gender. Since it is illegal to fire an individual due to their race, color, national origin, sex, or religion (Cheeseman, 2007, p. 428), Elaine sued Jerry. It is perfectly understandable to see why Elaine believes Jerry fired her discriminately. Elaine worked for Jerry for only two months before she was terminated for no given reason. This raises a red flag as two months is hardly enough time to effectively demonstrate how hard of a worker one is. I believe it takes around six to eight months for a person to become knowledgeable about their position and become completely comfortable in performing their essential job tasks. Elaine would still be in the learning phase of her new job at two months. Jerry immediately hired a male, Kramer, after he terminated Elaine. Kramer had less work experience and education than Elaine, but Jerry hired him anyway. It is very easy to see why Elaine feels the way she does in this situation, however, she cannot read Jerry’s mind. It is very possible that Jerry fired Elaine for a legitimate reason and chose not to share this with her. Elaine may have produced a rather large error in her part that she overlooked and either cost the company a lot of money or reputation. Perhaps Jerry realized this and fired Elaine for this reason and did not wish to tell her in order to prevent embarrassment from either party. Jerry may have a good friend who referred Kramer to him. This friend may have informed Jerry on what kind of employee Kramer is and how quickly and efficiently he can learn the job based on past work experience. Anything is possible and possibilities are everywhere. What is meant by this is that nothing is black and white. A situation may be presented one way, but may actually be the exact opposite. You must be open minded in situations. Understanding that discrimination in the workplace is unfortunately common, it does not mean that Elaine is a victim of it. My personal belief is that Elaine would have rightfully sued Jerry unless if he can produce strong evidence of some sort of wrong doing on Elaine’s part.

Why study world religions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why study world religions - Essay Example People throughout the world are loosing the fellow felling and togetherness which has been one of the main cornerstones of every religious saying. All the religions have been part of quite a few recent developments throughout the world. Also many are trying to use religion, for their vested interests, as it basically encapsulates a soft corner in every people’s life for meeting their own needs. Religious traditions are adaptable in nature. Religion is not only a process which encourages thinking about God but also to follow the religious maxim in every day’s life (American Academy of Religion, â€Å"Why Study Religion?†). World religion can be divided by different names such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam or Jainism among others. The names of the religion can be different but the message that every religion tries to provide to the people of the world are almost the same. Every religion tries to pass on the message of love, sacrifice, togetherness, and truthfulness. Religion has a major influence on the way a person approaches and also responds to any experience in life. Each and every religion of the world has different valuable aspects which can be used to benefit human life. World Religion can be varied in terms of their ideas and also the way a person has to follow those ideas, but there are certain aspects which are the same in all the religions like ‘high God concept’, traditional or primitive religious beliefs, religious expressions and experiences, rituals, the idea of divine beings, and sacred personages (Quartz Hill School of Theology, â€Å"An Overview of the World s Religions†). In the process of studying different forms of religious sensibilities, Hinduism, Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Judaism, Christianity and Islam can be looked at. Religion over the years has been one of the most significant influencing factors in the human life. People throughout the world face challenges every day in various aspects of life

Options for Implementing a Leadership Change Essay

Options for Implementing a Leadership Change - Essay Example Moreover generating short term wins. Also, making sure that the change is here to stay, and be altered again as per the need of the hour. Kotter moreover maintains that a big number of individuals are required to make alterations take place rather than any single individual along with their wants to be a society of leadership inside the organization. The people, who have contributed in the formation of the organization, were not in for it for fame, they were in it for the passion of the field of bio technology, and how they wanted to change the whole field of research with their remarkable findings. Looking at Don , it seems that he has been a good leader moving on with his participative style of leadership until this point in time , he has maintained a very cooperative environment , and also has maintained a very cordial relationship with the pioneer team members which has reaped him huge fame and revenues. Accordingly, he has always recognized his employee efforts at each and every step of his progress (Kelly, 1998). Now, currently, the company is facing the scenario of globalization that is taking place around the world very rapidly in every field of life .The bio technology field now demands innovative technology products and new research genres, for which Don along with the approval of his board members is jumping onto the act of an IPO. Wherein, presumably the results will put them on a higher scale even in terms of Wall Street as well as his own corporation, by going public. Gene one needs to work really hard on the project as the team members who are within the senior management are not too experienced with the concept f handling an entire IPO process. It also seems that this is taking a toll on all the senior management's attitude as well as their performance and relationship amongst each other and amongst their team members. As a result of the new suggestion of switching onto an IPO and public, the team members and the other players, have started laying hands on each other, presuming that the target is unachievable, some of them are also presumable not too happy about the IPO decision. Within this situation Teri sends in her resignation, which is compelling don to think that maybe he is not the right person to be handling or leading his team at this point in time. There are several recommendations that can be made but it would be best to relate to this with the leadership literature. A change strategy: Don to begin with needs to comprehend the detail that victorious leadership approaches ought to diverge with administrative inferences of change in addition to the total of time required to achieve the desired revisions. additionally his team members who think about this stride of

Article analyse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article analyse - Assignment Example other choice but to acquire its service at that expensive charge (Alderighi, Nicolini and Piga 73).Commercial air travel has received many changes over the past hundred years with it budget much stretched. With much completion starting to take charge, the commercial airlines were forced to reduce their fair cost to attract more customers. The slow global economic growth also ensured economic growth of air travel in the emerging regions where less air travel increased substantially (Alderighi, Nicolini and Piga 86). Besides, the commercial air travel took advantage of increased cost of fuel to increase its market structure. The domestic airplanes could not afford travelling long distances. Therefore, the commercial air travel was able to receive more customers to acquire it services. This situation reduced the completion it was earlier receiving from other airlines. International air travel indicates that mature airlines in the market of Europe experienced slower growth rate. The frontier airline, has now posed new challenges to commercial air travel in many areas. This has resulted to reduced economic growth of airlines. The frontier airlines now has reduced the cost of travelling, making several flights to various cities as compared to the air travel (Alderighi, Nicolini and Piga 45). In overall, the frontier has provided better services making company to receive more customers than any other airlines. This improvement has caused a lot of concern to business community about the effects of delta years of high cost and long flights in order to ensure they are not outdone. The market entry for competition and further innovation is important and largely undisputed in any industrial organization. Many factor s influence general pricing and passenger traffic in air transport industry (Peng, 67). The most popular determinant is low cost airline. It has been reported that low cost line has significant resulted to depression of prices associated with increase of

Retailing Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Retailing Final - Essay Example Efficient store operation of Aldi is a way to convey the best customer experience. This remarkably will give significant reputation for the entire store based on the ability of its customers to disseminate response about their experience. This what makes this competitive advantage sustainable and it is through this that customers are playing major role towards its great success in the future. Customers therefore are needed to be enhanced with high level of satisfaction and Aldi tries to get this by conveying the best customer experience through efficient store operations. This means that all aspects in the operation involving the issue of customer satisfaction are closely taken into account. On the other hand, the increasing network of limited assortment stores of Aldi is another important source of sustainable competitive advantage. In this way, there is a good chance to highly differentiate the products and services offerings of the company. In line with this, there is a great oppo rtunity to increase the demand for products offered by Aldi in the global setting. This is also a good opportunity for the company to increase its chance to maximize the resources available from other countries. For one thing, China and India are good places for business as they are known to have cheap labor. However, for Aldi, the context of expansion deals primarily with business environmental factors. Under politics, it is important to consider existing policies for international business in both China and India. The aftermath of economic downturn is also a significant factor to consider prior to the global expansion of Aldi. This is going to be a challenge for Aldi’s competitive advantage knowing that China and India are also affected with economic recession across the globe. Putting up a business after all requires thorough consideration of economic activities and other factors. The next factor that would become a challenge for Aldi’s potential global expansion is the political environment. Various policies in business are determined by political settings of a country. In reality, this really affects how an international company would perform and adjust its internal business operation. Finally, another important factor that may be a great challenge for Aldi in its expansion is under the social context. China and India are home to huge consumers that have different preferences, geographic orientation and all other related social concerns. In particular, this is going to be a challenge for Aldi since this is going to take more time and effort to understand. There is a need to develop more systematic approach to identify how many exactly of the consumers are willing to go for limited assortment items. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   List and discuss all important characteristics of the fast response model used by Zara. Discuss key barriers limiting the company’s ability to duplicate this business model overseas, especially in Asia.   Answer: Za ra is known for its fast response model. This is potentially a quite advantage for the company as far as the trend and buying behavior of consumers change over time. It is because of this that there is a need to list and discuss all important characteristics of the fast response model of Zara. The fast response model of Zara is determined based on its concept. The world is home to fast changing demand for designs, innovation and the like. Thus, there is a need to

Que Onda Urban Youth Culture and Border Identity Essay

Que Onda Urban Youth Culture and Border Identity - Essay Example Politics of Identity along the Mexican Border In her book, Bejarano makes a strong case for the evolution and synthesis of a unique border identity that manifests itself along the long border that Mexico shares with the USA. In fact, hardly a day passes when we do not hear of something happening on this porous piece of land that separates the two nations. Living along the border has given Latino/as and Chicano/as a unique sense of identity- they either choose to remain true to their roots or create an altered culture and identity that is a hybrid of both American and local values. Using customs, styles, music and language, they create a new subculture that is an expression of their bi-national and bi-cultural experience. The socio-political landscape that they find themselves in while in adolescence helps create a culture that represents, defines and explains their unique identity (Bejarano, 88). For teens, adolescence represents a unique time in their lives when they are reaching ou t to the wider community through establishing friendships and communal bonds in their neighborhoods and localities. It is surprising that even Latino/as and Chicano/as want to be at a certain distance from each other in this respect due to their unique language, music and cultural differences. Each of these groups either adopts their own style of alternative culture, or blends in with the American culture to create a unique American-Latino or American-Chicano style. The unique identifiers are still music, clothing, videos and celebrity watchers and emulators of what they include in their reference groups (Bejarano, 95). Factors Influencing Identity Development along the Border Region There are a myriad number of factors that influence and infringe upon identity development along the border region that separates Mexico and the USA. They could choose to remain true to their roots or alternatively create a culture and identity that is a hybrid of both American and local values. They mi ght well be confused, because even as part of the American population chooses to follow and emulate Chicano and Mexican values in dress, dance and music, most Latinos and Chicanos would still view this with distaste and ridicule. They would resent any effort to popularize and commercialize their values and identity in the name of farcical popular culture, when they see on the other hand that there is still hatred for the Mexican immigrant that crossed the border to earn a better standard of living for his or her family. Indeed the botched up effort to present guayaberas as a Mexican shirt was so ill-fated that it has served as a symbol of shamefulness to Mexicans as a misrepresentation of their culture- in true American style- and has led to retaliatory efforts in schools to create youth’s own ‘Chicanismo’ hybrid style which reflects their experiences in the school setting (Bejarano, 97). It is indeed not surprising that the author found that Chicano/as at Altami ra High School chose to create a distinct sub-cultural identity for themselves as expressed in fashions, music and language, as well as interest in car shows and looking ‘ghetto fabulous’. Meanwhile, it is also clear that Mexicans and Chicanos differ in a number of ways regarding certain values and customs. The Mexicanas find that the major part of even their weekend is consumed by

The Law and Justice between Canada and U.S Essay

The Law and Justice between Canada and U.S - Essay Example In this paper, we shall conduct the comparative analysis of the law and justice between Canada and the US. Importance of Topic: The theme of this paper revolves around laws and jurisdiction in the US and Canada. Topic is related to the principles of American and Canadian system and social life in two different states. These laws regulate each aspect of citizens` life and allow them enjoy given rights within the country. Additionally, this topic significantly covers the similarities and differences between American and Canadian law and justice systems (Boyd). This topic highlights the role and rights and Canadian and American citizens who are obliged to follow country`s rule strictly. And, the manner they deserve to treat in the country under peculiar circumstances and social ethics. The topic also includes notions of legal decisions that are made with respect to the regulations of the country and adapted system. Specifically, this topic aims to cover the comparative examination of th e American law and justice system with Canadian jurisdiction system (Boyd). The Law Subject: The law subject is quite wider in scope and it allows students view law and justice system clearly and understands it completely, and provides sufficient knowledge about different law related systems of the world. The law subject is very important part of learning legal relationships and rights of legal citizens along with the statuses of immigrant citizens in the foreign countries. As Canada and America are two important and stronger countries at the global level and these countries are close in terms of regulations and jurisdictions. Therefore, it is significantly important to study the law and justice between America and Canada to view and understand the difference and similarities between the laws of these two closely related countries (Boyd). This topic is highly relevant to the subject of law as comparison between laws of two strong states helps us understand the importance of law and justice system with respect to the territory, geographical location and the governmental systems that regulate these states. Comparison between American and Canadian Law: According to scholars, majority of Canadian laws have been derived from American system of laws and justice. It has noticed that in Canada, "Canada Day" is celebrated on 1st July for the celebration of the British North American Act of 1867, which was considered as the first step towards independence of Canada that eventually resulted in the formation of Canadian constitution (Boyd). Here, we observe a similarity between American and Canadian law system, as the US has written constitution including "Bill of Rights" and Canadian constitution also has a "Charter of Rights". Moreover, it has been noticed that legal rules and law system of both the countries are derived from "English Common Law", which based on the judges` decisions for the state rather than resolution of the senate or parliament. Moreover, laws govern ing socio-economic life matters such as, contracts and negligence in Canada are also similar to the United State's laws (Vitamanti). Traffic, breakage and emergency laws are almost similar is the US and Canada such as in both the countries the rental agreement always inform the process that should be legally adopted in case of emergency or accident. It is strict law in both the states that when a blind man or woman with a white cane crosses the road vehicles should stop and

Beauty is in the Eyes of the Beholder Essay Example for Free

Beauty is in the Eyes of the Beholder Essay Throughout the decades of time, society has been continuously determining the perception of what it is to be beautiful. The American standard of beauty is often reflected upon advertisements that convey an unrealistic expectation for most everyday women. Whereas, teenagers have grown to interpret advertisements as a model for how they should appear physically. Marilyn Monroe was perceived as the epitome of beauty in the 1950s. The well-known sex symbol was recognized because of her curvaceous build. But for instance, Twiggy, a popular model in the midst of the 1960s, later set a misconstrued standard to what was beautiful. With the rising of her stardom, the glamorization of being thin was beginning to take a turn on a more positive note. That is until the famous 90s heroin chic model, Kate Moss, hit the scene taking the modeling industry by storm in an unhealthy manner with her campaign Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels. As time continues to inevitably move forward in American culture, as will the image and conception of what beauty truly is in the eyes of our society. The value of women has always been subjectified to that of their appearance; therefore, the desired standard to be beautiful continues to evolve in the wrong ways. Today, the media puts pressure on both girls and women to look a specific type of way and throughout the past several years it has begun surface more frequently due to the drastic lengths people are willing to go to achieve their idea of perfection. Molly Edmonds, a woman who wrote 10 Ways the Definition of Beauty Has Changed on a popular health website HowStuffWorks exclaims the problem is, what society considers beautiful has a tendency to change, which means our pursuit of beauty tends to be lifelong and subject to the whims of trendsetters. In American culture today, society is endlessly pushing the average woman be compelled to the thought of have a slimming but toned stomach, long but muscular legs, basically, a perfectly proportioned body in order to bear acceptance from those amongst them. If a young female in this day and age is, for example born with brown, curly hair she might feel as if she has to have blonde, straight hair in order to fit in. As if somewhere in the world there is a recipe for the perfect woman that requires specific ingredients and an  exquisite taste. Most females are not satisfied with their physical features because of the image of this ideal woman that has been corrupted in the minds of people through radio, television, magazines, and movies by advertising with these countless models, which are materialized by their unrealistic slender bodies and high cheek bones. Basically, telling us that we are not good enough on our own skin; that we need THEIR tips, THEIR products and THEIR services to transform into THEIR picture perfect, ideal women. To the naked eye, these various advertisements and ways of entertainment seem to be harmless but in the reality of the widespread problem, the media is relentlessly bombarding us with their desires, perma nently damaging the self-esteem of both women and even men. Although it isnt written about or explained through definitions, were able to recognize societys standard of beauty by the images of the men and women that are chosen to be projected. Beauty throughout the mid-century was evoked sensually through a natural look. Therefore, normal women were discovered for that certain type of look; women like Norma Jean, also known as Marilyn Monroe. Traveling back into the 50s, a time where beautifully built women were praised by all, both men and women, because of their physical appearance. Marilyn Monroe was emulated for her full-figured stature and ravishing natural beauty. Anne Peterson once wrote, Monroe was a presence impossible to ignore. Her image signified vitality and brazenness, sexuality and innocence. It reset the standard of what it meant to be sexy, and what it meant to be sexy in public. No star has troubled the status quo as significantly since. After becoming Playboy Magazines first cover model and centerfold, Monroe soon achieved in becoming one of the largest the sex symbols of the decade. The actions people displayed began to transcend from an uptight society to a point where people were free to express themselves. This added a boost to prod individuals into becoming more open with their sexuality instead of hiding their true selves to those who surrounded them. In addition to modeling Marilyns acting career blossomed. People all over America were buying televisions to put in their homes, which caused moving film to play a much larger role in society than in previous decades. (Boyd) This new up rise in the ways of entertainment developed a type of industry where physical beauty was essential for making  a career. Marilyn Monroes signature blue eyes and curly blonde hair contributed to her stand out look compared to the other popular models and actresses of the era. As the years continued to pass, so had a tremendous development and perception of beauty through the eyes of our society. Since the 1960s, models such as Twiggy and Kate Moss have replaced more voluptuous figures like Marilyn Monroe as the new ideal of beauty and the desired male look has likewise become more trim and hard-bodied with each passing decade. (Tolerence) From the original curvaceous figure of Marilyn Monroe, that had rose along with television sales in the 50s, to Twiggys emaciated figure that was popularized as the art of runway modeling began to become more common, and which later returned back to a more waifish or heroin chic look, increasing Kate Moss popularity in the fashion industry. Twiggys role in new fashion portrayal was probably the biggest change in ideals in the 20th century. This skinny look that was advertised more and more, pushing the image that full-figured models were beautiful too created an uprooting dilemma throughout the years. Taking a turn for the worst in this time period, girls and women then began to obsess over both their weight and self-image. It wasnt until then was when many of the different eating disorders that are known today were discovered. George Santayana once said, Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. The quote is suitable to relevance of the fashion industry; in a way that history does repeat itself. Each year that passes uncovers a new kind of fashion statement. Along with these statements comes a new image; an image on how one needs to look to fit in. What society has had trouble grasping is that physical appear is not what beauty needs to be defined as. Beauty should be defined by the goodness of your heart and the knowledge you enlighten the world with. Works Cited THE IDEAL WOMAN THROUGH THE AGES. DISCOVERY NEWS. N.P. 12 DEC. 2012. WEB. 2 APRIL 2014. http://news.discovery.com/history/art-history/history-beauty-120412.htm PETERSON, ANNE. THE UNHERALDED MARILYN MONROE. THE HAIRPIN. N.P. 26 OCT. 2011. WEB. 2 APRIL 2014. http://thehairpin.com/2011/10/scandals-of-classic-hollywood-the-unheralded-marilyn-monroe Edmond, Molly. 10 Ways the Definition of Beauty Has Changed. HowStuffWorks. Web. 7 April 2014. http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/hygiene-tips/10-ways-the-definition-of-beauty-has-changed.htm/printable SIZE BIAS AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION. TOLERANCE. WEB. 7 APRIL 2014. http://www.tolerance.org/article/size-bias-social-construction Wood, Louise. Perceptions Of Female Beauty In The 20th Century. Web. 7 April 2014. http://barneygrant.tripod.com/p-erceptions.htm Playboy. Wikipedia. Web. 7 April 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy Etcoff, Nancy. Survival of the Prettiest. Web. April 7 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/e/etcoff-prettiest.html

How Does Fitzgerald Tell the Story in Chapter 9 Essay Example for Free

How Does Fitzgerald Tell the Story in Chapter 9 Essay In the Great Gatsby, the last chapter of the novel is told two years later still from the perspective of Nick. Nick is writing two years later after the events with Gatsby, showing that a considerable amount of time has passed between its occurrence yet it is still fresh in Nick’s mind. The fact that Nick is still reminiscing about Gatsby and has written a book about him highlights the huge impact that Gatsby has had on Nick’s life. The strong connection that Nick feels has been created between Gatsby and himself is evident particularly in chapter 9 as it is apparent that Nick feels â€Å"responsible† for him. Even two years later Nick feels a sense of responsibility and loyalty towards Gatsby and that he is owed the truth instead of all the malicious lies which are created by the reporters, similar to that of all the party goers. The idea that nobody respect Gatsby the way he does leads Nick to believe that there was a â€Å"scornful solidarity between Gatsby and me against them all†. And so the start of his book begins two years later, the book that Nick hoped to clear Gatsby’s name with and right the wrongs that occurred that summer. In the final chapter of the ‘Great Gatsby’, Fitzgerald creates a sense of finality for the reader suggesting â€Å"the party was over†. Through the use of the repetition of the word â€Å"last† Fitzgerald also demonstrates the end of Nicks experience with Gatsby. The reader acknowledges that Nick finds it hard to move on and accept Gatsby’s death as he tries to keep him alive through the creation of false memories as a result of his grief, believing Gatsby to have told him that â€Å"I cant go through this alone†. The obsession that Nick has with Gatsby is more evident as Nick tries harder and harder to create the funeral he feels that Gatsby deserves, however he was met with much disappointment by those who Gatsby had done so much for. During Nick’s attempts at assembling Gatsby’s funeral he tries very hard to get the people Nick thought were Gatsby’s friends to attend. The difficulty that occurred as a result of Nick’s attempt highlights just how little an impact Gatsby truly had on any of their lives as â€Å"nobody came†. Fitzgerald uses this two-word sentence at the end of the paragraph to emphasise the betrayal Nick felt towards Gatsby, that after everything he did for everyone else, no one other than himself truly cared about him. The disappointment that Nick shows when nobody other than Gatsby’s father and a few servants came, made Nick feel angry towards everyone else as the contrast between Gatsby in life and death is so hugely different and it is now a world in which Nick takes a while to accept. In life, Gatsby was someone who burned bright through his dreaming, yet in death he had become someone who was forgotten in an instance, indicating the little influence he had on the lives of so many.

Employment Relations In France Economics Essay

Employment Relations In France Economics Essay Within Europe France is known for its exceptional employment relations. The French employment relations are characterised by rather low social dialogue and a great interventions of the state. This paper will closely look at the social actors and their role by putting emphasis on collective bargaining and its development since 1980s. The major trends with special attention to the Aubrey Laws will conclude the overview. France Overview With a current population of 64,7 million (INSEE, 2010), France belongs to the most modern countries in the world and to the leaders among European countries (CIA World Factbook). According to EIROnline (2007), French GDP growth, inflation, productivity growth, and the unemployment rate do not substantially differ from EU averages, as indicated in Table 1. Table 1 Facts Figures Source: EIROnline, 2007 The economy in France, which traditionally has been characterised by considerable government ownership and state intervention (dirigeisme), is shifting towards a market-driven economy (CIA World Factbook). Although the state is still present in sectors such as power, public transport, and telecommunication, it has privatised many large companies. With the era of rigueur (rigour) the government extensively distanced itself from economic intervention. Though dirigisme decreased, France is still typified as a state-dominated economy (Jenkins, 2000), especially in the labour market. The political environment in France has been characterised by volatility which changed with the inception of the Fifth Republic in 1958 (Goetschy and Jobert, 2004). From 1958 to 1981 the Right took the reins, while in 1981 the socialist dominance under Franà §ois Mitterrand took over which resulted in period of instability (Knapp and Wright, 2006, p. 254). Governments of the right and left experienced a rotative period, with a temporary cohabitation (Goetschy and Jobert, 2004). In 1995 Franà §ois Mitterrand turned over the reins to Jacques Chirac, a right president, who lasted till 2007. His successor, Nicolas Sarkozy from the right government is the current President of France. Employment Relations in France Employment relations in France are highly influenced by the demographics as well as the legal and political environment of the country (Cerdin and Peretti, 2001). According to the National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE, 2010), the employment rate for the working population in 2008 accounted for about 28 million, corresponding to 56,2 percent of employed people above 15 years. Whereas the unemployment rate in France amounted for 7,8 percent in 2008 which correspond to 2.1 million people. The young people (15 to 24 years-old) are representing the majority of the unemployed with about 19 percent (in 2008). Generally, the young people are most sensitive to the economic fluctuation of the employment market. The labour market participation rate of the 15 to 24-years old is declining due to the trend towards longer schooling (Goetschy and Jobert, 2004, p. 177). France has more women in work force than EU average (Brewster et al., 2004). The female labour market participation has risen from 37 percent in 1963 (Goetschy and Jobert, 2004, p. 176) to almost 52 percent in 2008 (INSEE, 2009). Within Europe, France is characterised by an increased age of the working population. While the proportion of the people between 20 and 59 years decreases, the population proportion of under 20-year-old and above 60-year-old grows. Two factors are responsible for this peculiarity the post-war population explosion as well as the collapse of the birth rate from 1930 to 1945 (Cerdin and Peretti, 2001). In 2008, 83 percent of the working population was between the ages of 25 and 54 (INSEE, 2009). These numbers can be explained by the delayed entrance of the young in the labour market and early retirement due to an increased early retirement policies since 1974 and the implementation of retirement at age 60 in 1982. Further distinctive characteristic of the French employment relations is its elitism. Barsoux and Lawrence (1997, p. 11) admit that France is a society characterised by a unitary elite. Complementary, Jackson (2002, p. 38) describes the educational system in France as being inegalitarian, discriminatory, and exclusive. The highest level of the education system is encompassed in the so-called grandes à ©coles. The grandes à ©coles, where managers are typically recruited from, typify an essential indication for a high potential which is regarded more important than the actual personal potential. Managers form part of a social elite, called cadre. Management itself is perceived more as a state of being in France and its development is related to the social and historical context (Beardwell and Claydon, 2007). The influence of the state on employment relations in France is considerable. EIROnline (2007) describes France as being known for its dirigiste type of economy or state-managed capitalism. Employment relation in France were not only influenced by the predominance of the state but also by the imbalance between labour characterised by more revolutionary socialists and employers being typified by paternalistic of reactionary views (Traxler and Huerner, 2007). Unions and Employee Representation Within Europe, France has two distinctive features: although it has the majority of trade unions, its membership rate is the lowest among the European countries (EUROnline, 2007; Ebbinghaus and Visser, 2000). Trade union coverage is higher in large enterprises than in small companies with highest coverage rate in the public sector. Sector or branch levels are the most common levels of trade union organisation (EIROnline, 2007). French trade union, other than union in rest of the European countries, do not offer collective services to its members, which partly may explain the low membership rate as well as the lack of need to benefit from a membership (Brewster et al., 2004). There are five major representative union confederations and employers are obliged to recognise them in case of at least one employee being an official representative of one of them (Scho, 2008). The five unions, which are considered representative at national level, regardless of the size of their membership, are summarised in the table below. Table 2 Trade Unions Source: EUROnline, 2007 All agreements met by the representative unions were for a long period considered legally effective. This fact permitted employers to legally implement an agreement even if it has been signed by just one minority union (Brewster et al., 2004). The Fillon Law of 2004 however widened the scope of this majority principle. French union show a further characteristic uncommon in Europe. Especially SMEs, who usually have no union representativeness, make use of the so-called mandating process. Introduced in October 1995 by a three-year national multi-sector agreement, the law especially aimed to encourage negotiations of small and non-union company agreements (Goetschy and Jobert, 2004). The purpose behind the involvement of non-representatives was to increase the typically low membership rate of French unions. For instance, about one-third of collective agreement accompanying the 35-hour-week law application were signed by mandated workers (Pedersini, 2010). Employees representation in French companies has rather a complex structure and is incorporated in several representative bodies at the enterprise level (Goetschy and Jobert, 2004). The four major players are: Table 2 Employee Representation Workforce delegates (dà ©là ©guà ©s du personnel) Workforce delegates are mandatory for companies with 10 or more employees. Elected by all employees, the delegates are representatives of employees for individual or collective concern to the management. Work council (comità © dentreprise) Work council is mandatory for companies with 50 or more employees. Elected by all employees and representatives of trade unions, the council has a consultative role about the decisions of the employer. Furthermore, it is concerns with allocating funds for social and cultural facilities for employees. Workplace Health and Safety committee (Comità © dHygià ¨ne, de Sà ©curità ©, et des Conditions de Travail) The committee is compulsory for all companies with more than 50 employees. It includes head of the company plus employee representatives and has a consultative role about working conditions. Trade union delegates Every representative union is given the right for a delegate in a company with at least 50 employees who besides representing their unions also represent employees. Source: Brewster et al, 2004 Federations of Employers Employer representation stands in sharp contrast to the employee representation. Indeed, three out of four employers are represented in an employer organisation (EUROnline, 2007). The major association is the MEDEF (Mouvement des Entreprises de France), former CNPF (Conseil National du Patronat Franà §ais). It has a multi-layered structure consisting of various sectoral and territorial organisations (Traxler and Huerner, 2007). MEDEF, founded in 1998, brings together all companies with at least 10 employees. Despite this official purpose, MEDEF also includes several smaller companies. It directly organises 87 federations that cover about 600 associations and 165 regional organisations (EUROnline, 2007). The membership in MEDEF is covered by about 750,000 companies and 15 million employees from all sectors except agriculture and certain service professions (Traxler and Huerner, 2007). The SMEs are represented by the CGPME (Confà ©dà ©ration gà ©nà ©rale du patronat des petites et moyennes entreprises), and self-employed artisans by the UPA (Union Professionnelle Artisanale) (EUROnline, 2007). The State The French state is not only a major player in employment relations but also plays an essential role as an employer. As already mentioned, despite some privatisations, the government still remains prevailing in some sectors. Furthermore, Ruysseveldt et al. (1995) stresses that French state is typified for having its intervention in employment relations which are typically subject of collective bargaining by incorporating these issues in law. The intervention of the state is for instance given through the requirement for company-level negotiations, legal extension of collective agreements, and determination of minimum wage. Therefore, almost 90 percent of employees are covered by agreements securing at least minimum standards, despite the low union membership and a decentralized bargaining system (Ebbinghaus, 2004). For instance, the minimum wage (SMIC), a cross-sector minimum wage, is defined by legislation, involving all employees. Collective bargaining is also used to set branch-level minimum wages which however, are usually lower than the SMIC (EIROnline, 2007). Finally, the French state played an important role in the development of French employment relations as demonstrated in the following chapters. Collective Bargaining and Employee Participation Collective agreement forms an important part of negotiations between the law and the individual work contracts. Within Europe, France distinguishes itself from other countries by not attributing collective agreement as a central element of employment relations (Traxler and Huerner, 2007). The characteristics of the bargaining system have been extensively shaped by successive pieces of legislation (Goetschy, 1998, p. 358) and thus intensive state intervention. Collective agreements face further obstacles. Traxler and Huerner (2007, p.126) point out that there is a lack of shared identity among the unions and the employees who do not feel bound by the decisions taken by the representative unions. Andolfatto and Labbà © (2006) observe a similar dilemma for the employers and the associations. According to Schmidt (2006, p.121) policies are designed without the systematic input from societal actors, but actors are subsequently accommodated in a rather flexible implementation process, oft en based on derogation from the law. The bargaining structure in France is pyramidal and statute law is decisive. After the abolishment of the favourability principle (principe de faveur), decentralised levels are given autonomy on certain issues as long as the law is respected (plancher legal) (Euronline, 2007). National-level agreements are less frequently used than lower level agreements. Company-levels negotiations gained on importance in the field of wages and working hours which was further encouraged by the Fillion Law (2004) and Aubrey Law (1998/2000/2002). Development since 1980s Before 1980s, employment relations in France were characterised by ideological confrontation between the revolutionary labour movement and collective bargaining-aversive employers (Hoang Ngoc and Lallement, 1994) and collective bargaining particularly took place on the industry level (Goetschy and Jobert, 2004). The 1980s brought a significant move towards decentralisation with a Socialists government that supported collective bargaining in terms of politics and laws. Throughout the 1980s various company-level institutions and practices evolved which enabled negotiation of economic reforms and which tried to limit private sector industrial conflicts (Howell, 2006). The reforms were accompanied by a state intervention that sought to support workplace flexibility negotiations. Although the state experienced varying governments (Left and Right), it pursued equal objectives which underlying strategy was to create legal obligations within companies to establish self-sustaining social dial ogues which again lead to a deregulation of the labour market. One of the major legislation pieces of the 1980s was the Auroux Report (1981) which contributed mainly to a higher involvement of employees into the company and sought to bring unions and companies closer together (Hoang Ngoc and Lallement, 1994). Focusing on collective bargaining as a keystone in the reform, Auroux created an obligations for employers and unions for regular negotiations at industry as well as company level (Eaton, 2000). This reform introduced more balance between the state and collective bargaining as it put more emphasis on bargaining than on the law itself (Goetschy and Jobert, 2004). In 1987 collective bargaining made further steps towards decentralisation. From then on company-level negotiations were freed from any linkage with a sectoral agreement, and annualisation and more flexible opening was allowed without reducing working hours. In the 1990s multi-industry bargaining gained on importance after its decline during the 70s and 80s. It was supported by government, as well as employers (by CNPF) and unions (by CFDT) who were aiming at a consensus approach towards the modernisation of French companies (Howell, 2006). Enormous emphasis of multi-industry bargaining was put on the training that became a mandatory part of collective bargaining (Goetschy and Jobert, 2004). Further significant issue throughout the 1990s was the restructuring of the employee representation within the enterprise. According to Howell (2006, p.169) French companies experienced transformations that had the effect of deepening and broadening the construction of a set of firm-level institutions that regularised social dialogue with largely non-union employee representatives. Worth mentioning is also the agreement on the articulation of bargaining levels and the possibility of negotiations in companies without union representatives (1995) which brought two main transformations for collective bargaining. First, the hierarchical level of the three bargaining levels (multi-industry, industry, company) became more complementary. Second, the absence of union delegate gave the elected employee representative and the employees mandated by unions the authority to sign company agreements. Again in 2000s employment relations development signalised the trend towards more decentralised collective bargaining and a state which exercised restraint in the social dialogue of the labour market. This intention was implemented through the Gà ©nisson Law (2001) which made bargaining on equality compulsory at company level (annually) and sectoral level (every three years) (Gregory and Milner, 2009). The 2003 Fillon law encouraged the move towards company-level negotiation about wages and reduced working time by accepting derogation agreements. In July 2008 new law on social democracy and working time reform set new measures for the representativeness of trade unions, especially by removing the irrefragable presumption of representativeness and making representativeness dependent on the results of the workplace elections (Boulon, 2008). Concluding, the last decades were characterised by various developments in French industrial relations. Despite frequent changes of government, France has experienced a high degree of consistency in the direction of employment relations reforms (Howell, 2006). High level collective bargaining shifted towards more decentralisation aiming more at the company-level while the labour market and workplace experienced greater flexibility. Nevertheless, these developments were not simply accompanied by the distancing of the state from industrial relations, leaving the field to labour and unions. On the contrary, providing the social actors with company-level bargaining and agreements, developments were initiated and controlled by the state. Self-sustaining bargaining never took place (Lallement and Mà ©riaux, 2003). Thus the state reforms were still shaping the areas of social relations. Finally, Jefferys (2003, p. 128) states the state remains at the heart of the organisation of relations between capital and French labour. Major Trends in Employment Relations The Aubrey Law France faced the most bargaining activity over working time reduction in the late 1990s and early 2000s, driven by legislation reducing the working week from 39 to 35 hours. The so-called Aubrey law, named after Martine Aubry (minister who introduced the legislation), was the sixth law in seventeen years which has an impact on the working time (Jefferys, 2000). The 35-hour week was the flagship policy of Socialist Jospins (1997-2002) plural-left coalition government (Hayden, 2006, p. 505). The main purpose of the law implicated the reduction of the working time from 39 to 35 hours by offering financial incentives to companies that used collective agreements for the creation and protection of jobs while reducing the working time (Jefferys, 2000). Using this law, the government also had the ambition to encourage the social partners to participate more actively in the law-making process (Jefferys, 2000). The legislation which began with a framework law in 1998 resulted in a three-steps process (Levy, 2006): the first law introduced in 1998 provided the terms for voluntary work time agreements; in 2000, a second Aubrey law made work time reduction mandatory for companies who failed to reach agreements employing 20 or more workers; the third law, for 2002, which aimed at extension of this legislation to smaller firms, failed when the Left was replaced by the new conservative government. First Aubrey Law (1998/1999) Aubrey I introduced a variety of ways for the reduction of working time, including annualisation of hours, extended vacation periods, and a shorter working week. The companies were given increased flexibility in the creation of work time with the essential requirement for collective bargaining (Supiot, 2001, p. 92). Social costs reliefs were promised to those companies that quickly negotiated the reduction in working hours and created or preserved jobs. Nevertheless, the collective agreements reached under Aubrey I proved that employers put special emphasis on the flexibility in work time reduction left to them rather than on the incentives linked to the implementation (Levy, 2006). The 1999 law addressed the issue of trade union representativeness (Jefferys, 2000). From then on the social costs reliefs were only made available to those agreements met by union representing the majority of the work-force. Minority agreements were only accepted if ratified by entire work-force referendum, nevertheless the benefits of the reduced charges were not forwarded to these agreements (Howell, 2006). Smaller firms that lack a representation of unions could benefit from the legislation through the mandating process allowing them to sign company-level agreements. Without the mandating procedure agreements became legal with the confirmation of a majority of employees and local labour-business commission. Second Aubrey Law (2000) On 19th of January 2000, the Aubrey II came into effect reducing the working week from 39 to 35 hours for all enterprises with more than 20 employees. Due to the high attention paid to the flexibility in the implementation of work-time reduction, the second law provided more innovations in this area still with the prerequisite of a collective agreement. The lack of collective agreement meant less flexibility in options for work time reduction. According to Howell (2006) without a collective agreement, the reduction in work time had to be on a monthly or weekly basis, but with an agreement there were a range of other options, including annualisation, a wage increase offset against overtime, additional days off and so on. (p. 148) The law therefore aimed at the encouragement of the dialogue between social partners. Work time reduction was completed on two levels. Before Aubrey II, company-level agreements were predominant, while after year 2000 branch-level agreements became more common. Outcomes The in beginning much discussed and controversial legislation has survived. Though when the Left gave over to the Right government in 2002, the extension for small firms planned in that year was blocked. Furthermore, certain adjustments like extension of the allowable overtime have been adopted. Various studies about the implementation of the laws, inter alia conducted by the Ministerial Office of Employment and Solidarity (completed mainly between 1998 and 1999), provided following results (Neumann, 2004): On the employee side, within a year on the first law, in 69 of the 180 bargaining sectors, at least one of the representative national union has signed framework agreements covering 8.3 million workers About 300.000 new jobs (out of 1,65 mio) were created which were assigned to the relaxation of the social costs and the reduction of working hours of the law By the implication of the legislation in September 2002, almost half of the employed people were influenced by the Aubrey law Critical evaluation The significance of the Audrey Laws does not lie in the actual reduction in the working time. Its essence are the wide-ranging consequences on the employment relations in France. For the Jospin government the law provided an opportunity to try to use the basic sympathy of the French electorate with the idea of shorter working hours to encourage the organised decentralisation of collective bargaining (Traxler 1994, p. 184-86). The laws abolished many constraints on temporal flexibility and shifted the emphasis of collective bargaining towards the company-level. Some of the various advantages provided by the Aubrey law affect collective bargaining and work reorganisation. The company-level collective bargaining was influenced tremendously by the legislation. While after 1998 the rate of agreements signed increased by estimated 15,000 per year, after 1999, when the law became mandatory, agreements number increased by 35,000 a year (Howell, 2006). The financial incentives provided by the Aubrey laws were attached the condition to agree on work time reduction by a collective bargaining. Consequently, this collective agreement offered more options and flexibility for work time reduction to the firms, thus leading to work reorganisation. Many experiments which were made in this area including recalculation of the work time, work shift, and adoption to the market requirements, proved to be advantageous for some companies. Additionally, annualisation became very popular supplying companies with enormous flexibility in the work time reductions. Despite these advantages the Aubrey laws was met with mingled feelings from the social actors. The legislation was considered an attack on entrepreneurs, a triumph of ideology over reason, and even economic suicide (Hayden, 2006). Still, with the change of the government in 2002 the legislation has not been abolished, although it experienced substantial criticism. Instead, the Right provided more relaxation and greater flexibility introduced by the Fillon Laws 2003 and 2004 indicating that the effects of the Aubrey laws were less harmful than illustrated by critics. On the contrary, a study conducted by IMF in November 2006 (Estevà £o and Sà ¡, 2006), indicated that the legislation appeared to have a rather negative effect as it failed to create more jobs and negatively influenced employers and employees as they tried to neutralise the laws effect on hours of work and monthly wages. The major concerns were raised by the employers. CNPF became MEDEF in October 1998 under the pressure from French firms for a more aggressive political position (Jefferys, 2000). One year later, in October 1999, a protest with 25000 people against the second law followed. In November, MEDEF threatened to pull out of the bipartite national unemployment benefit scheme if the government make use of UNEDIC (Union nationale interprofessionnelle pour lemploi dans lindustrie et le commerce) the National Union Interprofessional for Employment in Industry and Trade agency of the French government which provided unemployed people with social benefits, to subsidise state incentives to reduce working time (Jefferys, 2000). Additionally, by creating a financial disincentive in case of overtime, the 35-hour-week legislation forced employers to undergo a more fundamental reorganisation of work (Howell, 2006). From the employees perspective, the law could be viewed ambiguously as a liberator and job creator or as a mechanism for introducing asocial work schedules (Bouffartigue, 1997, p. 256). Tensions on the company-level were illustrated for instance by the Peugeot-Citroen strikes, when the Saturday was introduced as a compulsory working day. Additionally, concerns arose about the decrease in wage level, although employees were promised to not be disadvantaged regarding income reductions which was supported by the unions slogan 35 hours pays 39 (Estevà £o and Sà ¡, 2006). The question about the representativeness of those who signed the agreement also forms a part of criticism of the legislation. As mentioned several times, the mandating process can be used by all firms with a lack of union representativeness. The mandating process prevailed in the company-levels agreements (70% in 2001), predominantly by smaller companies (Howell, 2006). Nevertheless, this process failed to recruit more members to unions. Finally, the Aubrey laws can be considered to be an oxymoron. In times of globalisation and extensive pressures on firms to stay competitive, France is trying to improve its competitiveness and decrease unemployment by reducing the working time. The work-sharing logic did not fit in this time when the unemployment rate amounted to nearly 10 percent and an average full-time working week was almost 43 hours (INSEE, 2010). There arises the question what the government could have done better. After considering the development of the employment relations in France, the trend of decentralisation should be pursued more constantly. State intervention should be reduced to give the social partners the possibility to develop and implement own methods for the work time reduction as the legislation did not match appropriately the needs of all French companies. Especially, the smaller companies who suffered from the law and feared to lose their competitiveness, should be better integrated and left more power and flexibility to adopt the legislation. Therefore, although the employers were gradually given more flexibility it still was embedded in frameworks which convey an impression of regulated deregulation once again demonstrating the predominant position of the French state. Other Major Trends Collective Bargaining Reform One of the significant changes to the industrial relations system took place in 2004 with the implementation of the Fillon law. The law brought two major changes into collective bargaining. The favourability principle (principe de faveur), where agreements from lower and higher levels may deviate from each other if it more advantageous for the employees concerned, was relaxed for certain cases (e.g. working time) (OECD, 2005). The favourability principle has been retained for minimum wages, job classifications, supplementary social protection measures and multi-company and cross-sector vocational training funds (EIRR, 2006). The other change concerned the approval of agreements. Hitherto, an agreement has been valid even if it had been signed by only one trade union with representative status. The new law widened the scope of the majority principle, the application of which depends on the level of negotiations. Individual Right to Training in France In September 2003 a national cross-sectoral agreement on employees lifelong access to training was concluded, approved by all five representative unions (Vincent, 2003). The law promotes individual training rights for employees while putting its focus on sectoral negotiations. Labour Market Modernisation In January 2008, a step towards French flexicurity has been made by the agreement on the modernisation of the labour market. It provides more flexibility on issues like recruitment and termination of employment at the same time maintaining certain employee rights in term of termination (Lefresne, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, employment relation in France can be described as developing towards decentralisation and more flexibility to the advantage of business and labour. Although, the state is taking distance from intervention in the economy, it remains the predominant character in the regulation of social relations.

Essays --

This essay will assess research into the impact of globalization on inflation and discuss whether it has weekend the ability of central banks to control the dynamics of inflation. The ability of central banks to control the rates of inflation may be substantially complicated by the increased globalization of the goods markets, factor markets and the financial markets (Woodford, 2007). The ability of national banks to influence the dynamics of inflation through monetary policy may be undermined by globalization. The central bank’s primary goal is to maintain price stability by regulating the level of inflation through monetary policy. Globalization increases trade both within and across countries (Schwerhoff & Sy, 2013). Through communicating their policy intentions regarding the future short-term interest rates, central banks can affect also the current longer-term rates (Tang, 2011). The new consensus (DSGE) Model incorporates four components, the output gap equation, the Phillip’s curve, the exchange rate equation and the Policy Rule (Woodford, 2007). The policy rule incorporates the Taylor rule which stipulates the amount a central bank should change the nominal interest rates in response to changes in inflation, output or other economic conditions. It also incorporates the idea of the inconsistent trinity, (sovereign monetary policy, fixed exchange rate and free capital flow) where only two of these can be possible at any given time. The impact of globalization on the effectiveness of monetary policy is now at the center of international macroeconomics literature with the recent experience of inflation accelerating the large number of industrial and emerging market countries (Ãâ€"zatay & Ãâ€"zmen, 2008). They support the idea tha... ...lely on their domestic economy (The Economist, 2005). Even though this may suggest that globalization has been able to combat the nature of inflation mistakes by central banks could allow it to break out again. (The Economist, 2005). This is partly due to the fact that a number of central banks make their decisions based on the actions of other central banks such as the Federal Reserve in the US (Rogoff, 2006). An example of this would be with number of Asian and oil producing countries will stabilize their currencies against the US dollar, which implies that the policies enacted by the Fed can still have an impact on global interest rates. (Fisher, 2006) Suggests that central banks should be conditioned on changes in foreign potential output and questions why, for instance, the output gap is calculated without taking into account the Chinese and Indian economies.

Physics of Fishing :: Physics Science Fish Fishing

Fishing contains a wide variety of physics. when you cast you are using projectile motion and rotational motion. when you hook a fish it will often use the drag from the current agenst you. Immagine draging a fish through a swift current. You deal with the tention of your line, and the friction of the line through the guides. you also deal with friction when you use a drag. Reels One of the key components of your fishing gear is the reel. http://www.eangler.com/eangler/proshop/reels.asp?shopby=D&dept_id=67&dept_image=reels.gif&pageheading=Reels&JEX=101025 These are spinning reels designed for smaller fish. You would probably use a reels like this for lakes. These reels usually have a series of gears that turn the line collecting devices several times for each crank of the handle. The reel on the left is the simpler design. That design has a stationary spindle and a bar that rotates around it to collect the line. On most models the drag works by a screw on the top of the spindle that applies pressure on the spindle to increase or decrease the friction to allow the spindle to spin if the fish applies enough force to overcome the friction. The problem with this design is that once the fish breaks the static friction the resistance to the fish pulling out line decreases and it is very difficult to change while fighting a fish. the closed faced reels have a small peg inside that catches the line and then spins around the top of the spindle. For this design the reel has a plate that can be moved up and down by a dial on the front. This plate is what controls the drag. The advantage of this method is that it allows you to adjust the drag while you are fishing. This reel is designed for off shore fishing. This real is much larger and is geared so you must crank the handle several times in order to get the spindle to make a complete rotation. A handy thing if you have to haul up a fish that is 50kg or more from the bottom of the ocean. This reel works by turning the spindle while the line feeder remains stationary. The drag works by pushing a plate into the spindle. There is a knob on the side that allows you to increase the pressure on the plate. When setting your drag you must take into account more then line strength. You must also take into account your hook and the strength of the flesh that you are probably hooking into.

I’m Not Scared Essay Essay

Fear is one of the most incapacitating and destructive emotions I’m Not Scared demonstrates. As well as the human potential to do evil things in life for self-gain. Ammaniti shows us this through characters in the text that commit cruel and violent acts. He also shows us that not all men can be cruel and selfish, through the character of Michele, who shows bravery, compassion and goodness. From the very beginning of the novel we are alerted to the fact that humans can be very cruel, yet equally as gallant and kind. In the start we are introduced to a cruel rumour from Skull, about a fierce old man known as Melichetti, who feed his own dog to his savage pigs. When he is confronted about this from Barbara, he laughs at the idea and replies saying that he loved his dog and would never do such a thing, and is astonished as to why someone would make up such lies about him. Barbara says that Skull had told them this and Melichetti scolds him saying that he should never tell lies, an d the truth only. Thus showing that there is good in some humans. Although not all of them. After these events Skull hatches a plan to get back at Barbara for embarrassing him. He proposes that they have a race to the top of a hill, knowing that Barbara will lose and have to do the forfeit so he can extract his revenge, being the harsh human that he is. Human’s immense capacity for cruelty is highlighted by the appalling conditions that Filippo is kept in. He chained in a dark prison hole and is barely fed enough to stay alive. He is treated like a prisoner of war. His skin is pale and dirty, and so thin that you could see the outline of his bones. Yet Ammaniti tempers these descriptions with humour in order to soften the blow and Michele relieves his suffering. Michele’s determination to help Fillipo in his plight and his success in revealing his pain that becomes the focus of the tale. He performs acts of kindness towards Fillipo, bringing him food and water, and letting him out of the hole to embrace the outside world. There is no doubt that humans are capable of extreme violence as demonstrates by the response to Luisa Carducci’s appeal and through characters such as Sergio, Skull and Felice, yet we also get the sense that they are not so much evil, but human through Ammaniti’s portrayal of them. Some of these acts of violence or portrayed through the actions of Skull and his potential for cruelty to others and animals. An example of this is when he says â€Å"wring its neck, then put a stick up its arse†, also when the entire town of Acqua Traverse is silent watching  Michele, except for Togo who is barking. Skull then proceeds to boot Togo away. Yet although Skull is ruthless and cruel, the kids have the power to overcome him. For instance when Skull makes Barbara do the forfeit, the kids do not like this idea and Michele stands up and takes the forfeit. They are also strongly motivated by self-gain and are also capable of horrible betrayal in order to gain something for t hemselves. The people of Acqua Traverse are easily motivated by money. They had kidnapped a child just for personal gain. They were prepared to betray their own beliefs and morals. For example when Luisa Carducci had sent an appeal to the kidnappers, she pleaded that they do not hurt her son and asked them what it would feel like if any of them had their own child taken away from them. Papa, who cared for his children a lot and loved them, betrayed his own beliefs that night, responding that they should cut off both of Filippo’s ears. Yet they are also capable of fierce love, extreme loyalty and forgiveness. An instance of this is Teresa’s protectiveness over Michele after Felice’s attack on him. Upon finding out that Felice had hurt her son, she launched herself at him in a raging fit of fury to protect her son. After seeing Felice on his mother Michele, also protective of his mother, jumps at Felice. Loyalty is also portrayed in the story through some characters. One of which is Michele, who made a promise to Filippo that he would always come back and save him. And he did under any circumstances, no matter how bad the consequences may have been. Also, it is Papa, who at first was with the idea of keeping Filippo hostage, yet later he proposed the idea to let the boy go. Ammaniti creates a world that emphasises people’s capacity for evil and self-gain and uses his power to tell us how he became a man that learns loyalty and trust are far more valuable than money or objects through events and experiences he comes into contact with. His knowledge and understanding form the base of his moral decisions and guide him to help the innocent boy, Filippo, escape from the villainous adults of Acqua Traverse.

Amerindian before Columbus and the Physical Geography of the Caribbean

Much of America history is recorded from the time Columbus and his team of explores landed in the Caribbean region.The first reaction to establishment of Spanish in the Caribbean region was the policy of extermination in which millions of the original inhabitants lost their life.   Although it has become controversial on the exact number of inhabitants living in the region before the coming of the Columbus, it remains clear there were a large number of indigenous people and the coming of Columbus really changed their life.The nature of the Native Americans remains a controversial issue since it is argued that on his arrival Christopher Columbus mistook the inhabitants for Indians. This is because he though he had arrived in East Indies since he was seeking sea route to India.The culture of Amerindian before ColumbusThe pre-Columbian civilization in the region is though to have been quite advances more that what was projected at the time. It has been revealed that there was a high l evel of development from social organization to development in agriculture and other sciences which were applied in agriculture and in political expansion.Notably among this civilization was the expansive Maya empire which had flourished and expanded from Mexico to Central American but which later collapsed owing to social and political strife, diseases and other ecological disasters, and man other factors (Mann, 1999).The geography of the region shows a very fertile soil and seasons of heavy rainfall. This means that the area had a very high agricultural potential which was well exploited by the inhabitants.The economic landscape of the people before the coming of Europeans is mixed. While a good number of the indigenous inhabitants were hunters and gatherers, there was also a good number which practiced aquaculture and agriculture.There is evidence that some of the people lived on mixed agriculture keeping animals and growing crops. Therefore we can say that before the coming of C olumbus, the original inhabitants had their own organized social life and varying economic activities in line with the rich agricultural potential of the land.When the European came and conquered the region, there were several changes that took place. First they immediately realized the rich agricultural potential of the land and their settlement pattern was concentrated in rich agricultural areas. What followed was mass extermination of the indigenous inhabitants so as to set up large scale lands for the Europeans.It is in this land that they grew sugar plantations and other cash crops. This led to massive enslavement of the indigenous people in order to provide labor in these large plantations. The setting up of plantations changed the approach that Europeans were using in dealing with the native.The policy of mass extermination  Ã‚   quickly changed to mass enslavement to provide free labor. There was also discovery of mineral like gold which led toe increased trade and setting up of industries. (Mann, 1999)ConclusionIt is still controversial whether Columbus discovered South America or not. However there were original inhabitants in the land who Columbus referred to as Indians.The inhabitants were social organized and they practiced agriculture although a good number were hunters and gatherers. When European came they realized the agricultural potential of the land and immediately set up large plantation where they enslaved the indigenous people to provide free labor.Reference:Mann, C. (1999): New Revelation of the Americans before Columbus. New York: Knopf Publishing

Oedipus Rex Life and Justice Essay

Everyone has a moment toward the end of their life where they can finally reflect back on their life as a whole, but that moment is not the most important. Throughout everyone’s life, we are all constantly searching for one common thing; Justice. In terms of justice, I’m referring to the search of finding out who you really are and what is your purpose. Oedipus Rex had a turn in his life which forced him to search for justice and find out who he really was. Oedipus Rex was a simple, yet noble man who had became a king. It wasn’t until years later that he would begin his search for justice that would ultimately change his life. Throughout the story, Oedipus searches for a murderer of a past king, but as the story unfolds, he starts to question himself. He begins to wonder who he really is due to lack of information about his very own life. Oedipus’s search for justice brings him an understanding of completeness and shame. Justice in Oedipus’s eyes means that he can understand where he came from and realize the truth. All of Oedipus’s life has been one big cover-up of his true identity. Oedipus’s life was cursed, starting out when he was just a little boy. As a man, Oedipus gains more knowledge and power and is able to uncover the deep and dark truth. In Oedipus’s search for justice, he learns who his true parents are, where he was born and what happened to him from being a boy to becoming a king. I could actually say that Oedipus’s search was successful, although it was horrific. During Oedipus’s life, he tried to live a life dedicated to his family and his people. He stood by his fellow Thebans and tried to always listen and do what’s in the best interest for them. However, living a life trying to do what’s right is never easy when you are destined to commit heinous crimes. Oedipus finds out during his search that he is the killer in which he is in search of. After learning of this news, Oedipus finally starts to see the big picture and learn about his identity as a whole. Oedipus learns that he was also the son of the king who he murdered, but couldn’t realize it due to being sent away as a little boy and left for dead. The news gets worse when he digs deeper and sees that he has in result married his mother and fathered children with her. Oedipus learns of these new discoveries and can realize the truth which he has been sheltered from his whole life. Sometimes the truth can be too much to bear, and justice comes with a price. Oedipus felt ashamed and horrible about just now finding out his true identity and how his actions now are unmoral. Oedipus blinded himself and believed that his actions and crimes couldn’t have been justified any other way. His actions were a symbol of how he has been blind all his life, yet he had eyes; but now he is literally blind and can see the truth clearer than ever. Life is a search for Justice has been perfectly shown in Oedipus Rex. Oedipus was just an example of how many people can go their entire life without ever knowing the truth about their identity and living a big lie. Oedipus needed the help of many Thebans to accomplish his goal. I believe that everyone in life needs that connection between other people to figure out their past. No one can learn about themselves without the knowledge of older people who have been around to see you develop. In reference to Oedipus, he pulled together with a group of people and conducted his search for justice. Even though his search brought him tragic news and a complete change to his life, he now knows the truth about himself and his past.

Profile And Indicators In Pakistan Health And Social Care Essay

Bettering the quality of life is a cardinal end for developing states. To carry through this, it is necessary to better wellness of kids, through achieving enhanced endurance results in the first topographic point. Developing states today, with increasing populations, need to concentrate on this more than of all time. One of the greatest jobs faced is that of utmost poorness – people populating below the poorness line who struggle for survival every twenty-four hours. This paper focuses on analyzing the comparative importance of socio-economic factors that play independent functions on endurance chance for babies, which should supply constructive information to authoritiess in order to assign resources expeditiously and make the development ends. An analysis is carried out on the impact of different variables on infant mortality, and the consequences are collected utilizing informations from over the past two decennaries, from 1990 to 2009.An overview of Health profile and Indexs in Pakistanâ€Å" The wellness profile of Pakistan is characterized by high population growing rate, high baby and child mortality rate, high maternal mortality ratio, and a double load of catching and non-communicable diseases. Malnutrition, diarrhea, acute respiratory unwellness, other catching and vaccine preventable diseases are chiefly responsible for a high load of baby and antenatal mortality, while high maternal mortality is largely attributed to a high birthrate rate, low skilled birth attending rate, illiteracy, malnutrition and deficient entree to exigency obstetric attention services. † ( Health System Profile Pakistan, 2007 ) For case, it is noted that merely 40 % of births are attended by skilled birth attenders. Additionally, malnutrition is widespread in the state, with 30-40 % of the kids being stunted due the deficiency of equal diet. Malnutrition really accounts for about half child deceases every twelvemonth ( Health System Profile Pakistan, 2007 ) . Therefore, investings in wellness sector are considered as an built-in portion of Pakistan authorities ‘s poorness relief attempts. Harmonizing to the Economic Survey of Pakistan ( 2009-2010 ) , there has been a conspicuous betterment in some wellness indexs over the old ages, but Pakistan still ranks ill among others. The National Health Policy of Pakistan ( 2009 ) aims to better the wellness indexs of the state, by presenting basic wellness services, garnering accurate wellness information to direct plan effectivity, and doing tactical usage of the lifting engineering ( Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) . A figure of plans are in advancement to heighten the overall wellness position by bettering wellness attention and increasing the coverage of wellness attention to assist accomplish the MDGs. Particular attending is being given to the preparation of nurses and several preparation centres are already in operation. This is being done with the end of supplying basic wellness attention services to those who have ne'er had entree to any signifiers of primary wellness attention. The reported figure of registered nurses in Pakistan amounted to 69, 313 in the twelvemonth 2009. ( Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) . Yet, when placed to international comparing, the position of betterment in wellness in Pakistan is assorted. Compared to Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka, for case, Pakistan ‘s infant mortality rate is higher. Similarly, other indexs show that much more advancement would hold to be made compellingly for farther betterment ( Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) . Although there have been betterments in Pakistan, they are non on par with other developing states.Child wellness, Nutrition, Health hazard factors and MortalityThe Ministry of Health manages the wellness attention system in Pakistan. Child wellness is dependent on assorted factors, such as instruction of parents, income, beginning of clean H2O and improved sanitation installations, figure of child wellness attention Centres and the extent of preparation among wellness workers. The features specifically act uponing baby and child mortality can be classified into single, family and community features ( Islam-Ud-Din, 6 ) . Individual features could be the parents ‘ age at matrimony, age at first birth, income, business and instruction. Household features include H2O and lavatory installations, electricity supply and sewerage connexions, nature of cooking fuels and type of house. Community factors would be prevalence of wellness attention and proper electricity and disposal installations. The deficiency of instruction among parents disables them from deriving an apprehension on gestation issues, every bit good as maternal and wellness attention concerns. Furthermore, the deficiency of nutrient handiness and scarceness consequences in lack of nutrition among female parents and kids, which is an of import factor to see when speaking about kid wellness. The past few old ages have shown high degrees of malnutrition among both, female parents and kids. This has been due to miss of political devotedness to turn to malnutrition, minimum investings made in nutrition sector and deficiency of a clear and focused scheme that has consecutively supplemented child mortality. Breastfeeding is of punctilious concern every bit good since harmonizing to figures gathered from WDI, it amount to merely 36 % of babes under 6-months of age being breastfed. Therefore, nutrient scarceness and deficiency of handiness of equal wellness attention and sanitation installations are the major wellness hazard factors correlated to mortality. Besides, families with lower incomes are unable to afford seeking medical advice from decently skilled physicians, and the figure of locally registered accoucheuses has besides been seen to lift by 74.7 % from 1990 to 26,225 in 2009 ( PSH Survey Data, 2009 ) .1.3 Rural-urban prejudices in Health public presentation and Indexs in PakistanThe populations populating in rural countries and those with lower incomes face troubles in availing clean H2O and sanitation installations and are exposed to environmental pollution and amendss. Better sanitation, H2O and wellness attention installations are observed to an extent in urban countries of Pakistan, but rural countries still lag behind, and face more serious diseases among kids. They face higher hazard of respiratory diseases, hence, raising infant mortality. As a affair of fact, the really contaminated life environments even undermine the consequence of instruction as it significantly affects the wellness and good being of babies and kid s. Although, even less than 30 % of population lives in urban countries of Pakistan, more wellness installations are available as a per centum of population compared to wellness installations in rural countries. ( WDI, 2009 ) The wellness sector has fundamentally grown, but merely in response to demands of the preponderantly urban categories. However, a big ground behind this is the growing in private wellness attention, which has little incentive to turn in rural countries due to widespread poorness afflicting such topographic points. Factors responsible for urban prejudice include medical instruction and the function of authorities in Pakistan. This has been due to the fact that the authorities has centred most medical instruction in urban countries and besides invested to a great extent in urban-centred wellness attention installations, taking to increased urban-rural prejudice. The deficiency of medical instruction besides affects people on the single degree. Families should besides be intelligent about public wellness instruments such as improved aeration in houses, acceptance of hygienic patterns in day-to-day operations, healthful disposal of wastes after cleansing of the cloacas, clean storage and boiling of H2O, and domicile-administration of diarrhea. The deficiency of basic medical instruction prevents this. This would be much effectual in cut downing infant mortality over clip, as people would be able to forestall common wellness jobs. One of the biggest factors making this disparity is that policies are made by the opinion categories and the under-distribution of resources in rural countries is due to entirely the distinguishable category construction in Pakistan. There is a immense disparity between the wellness attention installations provided to more privileged categories.1.4 Millennium Development Goals on Health: Performance spreads and slowdownsThe MDGs screen broad aims, including halving universe poorness and hungriness, every bit good as making cosmopolitan primary instruction, cut downing under-5 and maternal mortality by two-thirds, and halving the figure of people who without entree to safe imbibing H2O by the twelvemonth 2015. ( MDG Report, 2010 ) . Looking at the recent history of the state, accomplishing the mark MDGs for Pakistan by 2015 seems unluckily, dubious. The last decennary has seen mounting insecurity every bit good as incompatibility during General Pervez Musharraf ‘s epoch. Corruptness and offense rates have exceeded past degrees and so has poorness. Besides, there have been issues associating to freedom of media and judiciary. Budget on wellness and instruction is less than two-percent, which is non a ample sum comparing it to the abysmal rates of illiteracy and deficiency of wellness installations and trained physicians in the state. ( -via electronic beginnings ) In order to make the MDG Goal 4, the instance presented in this paper, Pakistan has the mark to cut down it to 77 by 2015, whereas the infant mortality rate is to be reduced to 40 by 2015. The 2009 rate of 70.5 for infant mortality nevertheless, reflects that there is non much likeliness of it being achieved. The proportion of kids of age less than one twelvemonth immunized against rubeolas has to increase to more than 90 % but this mark is still stuck at 80 % . However, it is a alleviation to cognize that coverage of Lady Health workers, which is to be universal by 2015, has increased to 80 % and is on the trail to be attained. ( WDI, 2009 ) However, still in some instances the complete information is non be available, the ground being that most developing states do non bring forth dependable and accurate figures on most indexs, such as on baby and kid mortality, H2O entree and poorness. Many states that are well hapless and more vulnerable, such as Pakistan, do non describe any informations on most MDGs. Even when it is available, there are compatibility issues and significant clip slowdowns are involved. Hence, bettering on informations garnering techniques and quality should be the cardinal focal point. These are indispensable non merely to accomplish MDGs but besides for single states in order to pull off their development schemes ( Bourguignon et al. , 2008 ) .1.5 Health policies in Pakistan and Initiatives for Child wellnessReforms in wellness sector of Pakistan took the signifier of five year-plans ab initio in the 1990s. The first national wellness policy was announced in 1997, with the purpose to better the well ness position of the state by supplying cosmopolitan coverage of quality wellness attention through an incorporate Primary Health Care ( PHC ) attack. The 2010 vision for the wellness sector development provides for a wide-ranging and better-quality wellness attention for all sections of society ( -via electronic beginnings ) . Priority wellness programmes include the National EPI Programme, the Prime Minister ‘s Programme for Family Planning and Primary Health Care, Maternal and Child wellness, Reproductive wellness, the National ARI and Diarrheal Disease Control Programme, Malaria Control Programme, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, National AIDS Control Programme, Nutrition, Mental wellness, Oral and Dental wellness, Health Promotion and Health Education, School Health Programme, Food Quality Control System, Food Support Programme and Food Security Programme. These last three come under the nutritionary plans for wellness. ( Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) The main purpose of the plans is to cut down Under-five mortality to 52 per 1000 unrecorded births, infant mortality rate to 40 per 1000 unrecorded births, and maternal mortality ratio to 140 by the twelvemonth 2015, through utilizing intercession schemes. Besides, the proportion of annual old kids immunized against rubeolas is targeted to be increased to 85 % , and proportion of births attended by skilled wellness staff is to be increased to 90 % by 2015. Schemes to battle TB, Malaria, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis and other catching diseases have besides been planned ( Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) . Over the past several old ages, the Government of Pakistan has started a figure of undertakings and plans that aim at recuperating wellness results related to female parent, newborn and child wellness. These have been initiated with both with public sector money, and planetary development associates. The undertakings comprise of the Women Health Project ( WHP ) , Pakistan Initiative of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health ( PAIMAN ) , Pakistan Health Systems Strengthening Project ( GAVI-HSS ) and National Program for Family Planning and Primary Health Care PHC/FP ( LHW Program ) . The National Program for PHC/FP is aspired to supply MNCH services at easy entree of the community and works in the way of ducting the spread amid communities and wellness installations, as a consequence, recovering the easiness towards indispensable wellness attention services through the LHWs. This has demonstrated to be successful enterprise in supplying basic wellness services at the territory degree thou gh its impact on the Maternal and Child Mortality is non really momentous ( -via electronic beginnings ) . Furthermore, to strengthen the resource spreads in the bing service rescue for seting wellness of Mother, Newborn and Child Health on the route to recovery, and to recognize MDG Goals 4 and 5, the Government of Pakistan has instigated the National Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Programme ( NMNCH ) in 2006 as good. ( National Program For Maternal Newborn and Child Health, 2006-2012 )1.6 Keywords and DefinitionsEysenck personality inventory: Expanded Program for Immunization Infant Mortality Rate ( IMR ) : The per centum of kids deceasing under one twelvemonth of age per 1000 unrecorded births. LHWs: Lady Health Workers MDGs: Millennium Development Goals ; a planetary committedness of puting up and following the mark ends towards eliminating utmost degrees of poorness. Millennium Development Goal 4: A set mark to cut down the mortality rate among kids under five by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. PSH: Pakistan Statistical Handbook WDI: World Development Indexs1.7 Study AimsThe survey will try to explicate the factors act uponing infant mortality rate It will exemplify the bing steps, every bit good as the steps that would be helpful to follow in future. It will place the hazards associated increasing infant mortality rates, as a developing state compared to the planetary universe It would place indexs which would enable take downing the IMR in Pakistan. Performance of demographic and socio-economic indexs would be assessed in order to analyze their impact and come out for policy schemes to be adopted in Pakistan to assist stabilise and lower these rates, and lead Pakistan to accomplish MDG Goal 4.Chapter 2 – Literature Reappraisal2.1 An overview of Child wellness in Developing and Developed Countries

American Dream And The Civil Rights English Literature Essay

American Dream And The Civil Rights English Literature Essay As a continuation of the African-American quest for their racial pride and the creation of African-American political and cultural institutions in the United States of America, the role of dream was significant to the African-American people. It was not only a motif that was very much a part of the American phenomenon157, but was as a part of African culture as well. Dream had a reverence in the African-American community. African-Americans dealt with dreams as â€Å"part of their reality, and the course it’s related to the spiritual†.158 They believed, that was how God communicated to them. African Americans had a traditional way with dreams. Dreams were used all over Africa as part of â€Å"the healing process†, â€Å"if they [Africans] don’t dream, I [healer] cannot heal them†.159 That was from Zulu culture.160 Africans trusted dreams. They believed, in dreams their spirits came in touch with ancestors, or with the spirits of their living person s, or with higher spiritual being. Sometimes, dreams were used as a means of witchcraft, or they were sent by deceitful spirits. Other dreams might convey wisdom and interests of the departed. People, therefore, watched their dreams and talked about them, and they often took them to experts for interpretation. Traditionally, the interpreters of dreams included herbalists, sorcerers, diviners, and priests.161 Such beliefs (connecting dreams with ancestors) led Westerns to suppose mistakenly, that Africans worshiped their ancestors. However, the founder of Kwanzaa, 162 affirmed that Africans worshiped only God, the Creator, in his many manifestations. Ancestors were merely â€Å"spiritual intercessors between human[s] and the Creator†.163 These traditional dream beliefs were part of a broad enhancement of African-Americans’ identity in the United States of America. They represented the survival of African dream culture in Northern America.164 The cultural survival was mo re than just a useful concept. It was a deep article of faith for many of those whose forebears were torn from their native ground, scattered, and deliberately stripped of their cultures. In his play Going to Meet the Light, interviewee, Daniel Wideman linked between cultural survival, personal survival, and dreams. A character repeated what her grandmother taught her: She told me, the only thing that kept black folk going, through slavery and ever since, was that we got the power to remember what we never knew. That power is what kept our culture alive through the dark timesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦But, no matter how dark it gets, we still rise. We rise because, together we can always remember a story we never knew, a dream we never dreamed and we can ride that dream out and up into the light.165 In an old short story, Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906) had called attention to dreams as one device by which a slave kept going. â€Å"To [a slave,] slavery was [a] deep night. What a wonder, then , that he should dream, and that through the ivory gate should come to him the forbidden vision of freedom†.166 The general point was, however, the meaning of â€Å"survival† meant â€Å"dreaming†, which was one of the sophisticated coping devices by which African-Americans had â€Å"survived so well† through slavery to the present. This was what Darry Burrow stated, â€Å"It was a way to keep going and be a normal person, despite things that are designed to make [African American] not a normal person†.167 African-Americans’ endurance and survival during slavery were recognized by dream.