The Caliper and Micrometer

The Vernier Caliper and Micrometer Experiment # 1Abstract:The activity involved the use of both vernier and micrometer calipers accurately on measuring provided materials. The objectives of the act were to familiarize the students with the use of the said scales and to demonstrate their differences. The dimensions of a metallic cube made of steel and a metallic washer were measured using a vernier caliper while that of a marble made of glass and the same metal cube were measured using the micrometer caliper. The density and percentage error of each material were then computed using the values obtained. Guide Questions:1.) Differentiate the vernier and micrometer scales?The Vernier caliper is an extremely precise measuring instrument; its accuracy is 0.05mm. It can show measurements up to two decimal places in millimeters. It has main scale, which shows whole numbers and the vernier scale which gives decimal values. The vernier is capable of measuring the outer and inner dimensions in cluding the depth. A micrometer caliper uses a calibrated screw for measurement, rather than a slide which the vernier caliper uses. . It can show measurements up to three decimal places in millimeters. It also has a main scale like the vernier caliper with the same purpose with the micrometer scale showing decimal values. Its accuracy is equal to 0.01 mm making it more accurate than the vernier caliper. The micrometer can only measure the outer dimensions of an object.2.) Draw the figure for micrometer readings below:i. 3.685 mmii. 1.5963.) State some of the errors the one might make in measuring length using both vernier and micrometer calipers.The errors that one may make in measuring length using both the vernier and micrometer calipers are the incorrect reading of measurements. There can also be human misinterpretation, meaning that the person may have set the instrument too tight which may deform the object or too lose which leaves extra space for error. The device can also be broken promoting errors.4.) Determine the percentage error for an observed value of 1.112Ãâ€"10-5 if the standard value is 1.117Ãâ€"10-5?%error = actual value-observed value x100 actual value%error= 1.117Ãâ€"10-5-1.112Ãâ€"10-5 x100 1.117Ãâ€"10-5 %error= 5.000Ãâ€"10-8 x100 1.117Ãâ€"10-5 %error= 4.476Ãâ€"10-3 x 100 %error= .4476%

Childrens Drawings

What do children’s drawings tell us about children’s minds? The topic of children’s drawings and their relation to a child’s cognitive processes, particularly thoughts is a topic of great interest. It is widely believed that children often express feelings, thoughts and messages which they cannot express through words through drawing pictures. This essay reviews previous research conducted on children’s drawings and aims to assess what exactly it tells us about their minds and what messages they are putting down in drawings.Following an overview of drawing and the cognitive development, this essay evaluates a selection of relevant research studies into children’s drawings and minds and aims to understand some specific symbols which are often drawn by young children and the meaning of these graphic images. According to Thomas & Silk (1990), children’s drawings have a variety of different purposes varying from bringing pleasure and enjoy ment to themselves, decorating walls and expressing feelings and showing others how they feel about certain objects or people. N. R.Smith (1973) believes that the child begins the drawing with no intention or symbolisation, but as the drawing progresses a pattern is made and the child sees a representation and then proceeds to make the rest of the drawing shift towards this representation and builds on that. The basic pattern of children’s development of drawings begins at scribbles which appear from 12 months. The scribbles are non-representational and just involve the progressive control of movement. These scribbles tend to be viewed as gestures rather than drawing in true sense of the world according to Vygotsky.Arnheim (1956) believes that the earliest scribbles are a motor impulse, this simply means the child has no intention to draw a representation of an object or event it is just a coincidence. They begin to progress from 20 months of age where the scribbles being to become representational and the marks stand for whole objects. Cognitive psychologists tend to search these scribbles for visual resemblance where they attempt to make some sense of it. There is often some intended meaning within the scribbles, for example dots representing foot prints but not true representation.Symbolic pictures start to appear around 3 years of age where children begin to understand that pictures represent objects and begin to start drawing simple pictures of people. Over time more realistic pictures are drawn around 5/6 years old and at 6/7 years old children begin to use size, position and composition to show depth, those of which allow more natural representations of the real world and tend to have a more significant meaning. Luquet (1927) and later on Piaget & Inhelder (1969) invented the Stage Theory of Drawing.This is the belief that drawings are external representations of the child’s internal model which is their mental picture. The stage theory co nsists of four stages. The first stage is fortuitous realism which occurs at 1. 5-2. 5 years old and consists of labelling objects in scribbles. The second stage is failed realism (2/5-5 years old), representational intention but tends to be inaccurate. The third stage being intellectual realism (5-8 years old), drawing what the child knows rather than what they see and the fourth stage, visual realism which is beyond 8 years old which is where the child actually draws what they see.There has been evidence to back up the stage theory, for example Freeman & Janikoun (1972) conducted a study in 1972 on 5-7 year olds. They were asked to draw a mug in front of them which had the handle out of view. Results found that under 8 year olds who would be in the intellectual stage drew the mug which included the hidden parts as they would be drawing what they knew, whereas the 8 year olds and over who would be in the Visual stage drew only what they could see.However the stage theory has been c riticised for the stages being too rigid leading to underestimating the child’s ability. Barret, Beaumont & Jennett (1985) also found that instructions can have an impact on the child’s drawing. They found that if children were given standard instructions, i. e. just telling them to draw what they can see, only 11% of drawings would be correct whereas if they were given explicit instructions, i. e. draw exactly what they can see and look at it very carefully in order to draw it as you see, 65% of drawings were correct.It is also argue that the stage theory can vary over different cultures. The human figure is a drawing particularly investigated as it is regarded to be a way in which children express something about themselves. Researchers believe they can explain a child’s personality and their current emotional state. Tests were created to investigate this, for example the Kinetic Family Drawings Test claimed to measure how children felt about the topics in the drawing and their wider environment.However further research was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of this test and results proved to be quite poor meaning the test was not a reliable indicator of children’s emotions and drawings. However it is the more recent research which is providing evidence that children’s drawings do show children’s feelings as they tend to focus more on particular drawing styles, drawing size and colour which show that the drawings can be investigated systematically (Burkitt, 2004).This can cause some confusion though because it is difficult to understand what aspect of emotion a child is conveying through a large or small figure, however as this topic is increasingly looked it, it is coming to the conclusion that if the child is feeling happy and feels positive towards the figure they are drawing then the figure size tends to be larger whereas a smaller figure will be used if the child is feeling negative. This is useful in understanding how children are feeling simply by analysing their drawings.Children’s drawings are often described as a mirror of a child’s representational development, meaning that as children grow older they develop more complex and representational strategies of drawing. These are also furthermore differentiated by gender. A study conducted by Cherney et al. (2006) collected drawings from 109 5-13 year olds of the child’s family and school. The results showed significant age and gender differences revolving around the amount of detail included in the drawings of the school showing that females included more.The drawings also showed stereotypical drawings between males and females pictures showing that genders represent families differently. The drawings of the families suggested that the female’s drawings may represent their experiences with family relationships and they tend to value these relationships more than males. These results also showed t hat with age, the drawings became more realistic which supports the findings of several previous studies on drawing development with age leading to more representational drawings.Girls also drew the female figures taller than the boys which may be reflective of how she feels about the relationships in her life and that she values her fellow female friends more dearly. The taller figures can also indicate high self-esteem. It is suggested that differences in motor skills may confound the findings. The colours used in children’s drawings can also help play a part in discovering the child’s mind. For example Dr Winter (2006) states that when a child draws in dark colours such as black and grey, it does not immediately mean that there is something wrong with the child, however if the child is onstantly using black, grey and other dark colours in favour of other brighter, cheerful colours, it could suggest the child has some sort of problem which is worth investigating. A s tudy by E. Burkitt & A. Davis (2003) was conducted to investigate the use of children’s colour choice in drawings and how these colours related to what they thought of the drawings. It consisted of 330 4-11 year olds. It was found that children used the colours which they preferred more to colour in the objects they thought to be nice and used their least favourite colours for the objects they thought to be nasty.It was also found that the colour black was the most frequently used colour used for the negative images. These findings help interpret children’s drawings just by looking at what colours are used and this will help give an understanding of the child’s thoughts on the object. So in general children’s drawings which use bright and bold colours tend to be viewed as positive and assume the child is experience happy cognitions whereas when a child uses dark colours it is assumed that the child may be experiencing distress and negative cognitions.Howe ver Burkitt (2003) criticised this and argued that when a child uses a dark colour it may not necessarily mean they are expressing a negative attitude, it could simply be that the child favours this colour and they want to express this in their drawing by using their favourite colour. The things that children may not be able to tell themselves can often be found through interpretations and observations of their drawings of graphic symbols.Previous research found the main and clearest signs found in drawings are over sized ears without earrings which could suggest the child is experiencing some sort of verbal abuse in their life, big hands in a drawing suggest that the child is experiencing some sort of physical abuse and aggression, if a drawing of a person has no mouth it is suggested that the child finds it difficult to communicate and drawings of a person with jagged teeth, spiked fingers and hair relate to aggressive behaviour.However to properly interpret children’s draw ings, these patterns must be consistent over time and not just occur once otherwise it is highly likely it will have no meaning or representation and is just a random occurrence with significance at all. Wales believes that as we begin to summarize characteristics of children’s drawings and watch them develop and change throughout childhood we soon see that the observations that are made on the hildren’s drawings are in fact the product of our own interpretations and what we believe the picture is showing. The question of how children draw pictures which differ so much from adults is a major question which often causes debates such as is there actually a message there or is it just a typical child’s drawing which has no significance or meaning whatsoever.Many questions arise involving this research area once people attempt to make sense of children’s drawings, however many people believe children’s drawings should be left as they are without invest igation as they believe it is mysterious and imaginative. The research looked into for this essay has shown that the main indicators used in children’s drawings which help to understand children’s thoughts, messages and emotions are the colours used and the figure size.The research into children’s drawings in relation to children’s minds has found many results showing that drawings do relate to the child’s cognitions however all research into interpreting children’s drawings and what it tells us about their minds can be criticised because it could just be that the child enjoys drawing something particular and their decision to draw what they are drawing is always influenced by their own knowledge of the object and their own thoughts and interpretations on the object and what bits are important about it.The drawing is a representation of how the child sees the world themselves and it is thought that to alter this information by adding adult i nterpretations and to investigate more into it is a shame. As the child’s cognition capacity increasing, children are more able to express representations as they move from simple drawings, to complex drawings. It is difficult to conclude whether these drawings actually represent something to the child or whether it is simply our own interpretations and representations. References Barret, Beaumont & Jennett. (1985).The effect of instructions on view-specificity in young children’s drawing and picture selection. The British Psychological Society, 8 (4), 393-400. Burkitt, E. & Davis, A. (2003). Children’s colour choices for completing drawings of affectively characterised topics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44, 445-455. Burkitt, E. (2004). Drawing conclusions from children’s art. The Psychologist, 17, 566-568. Cherney et al. (2006). Children’s drawings: A mirror to their minds. Educational Psychology, 26 (1), 12 7-142. Chia, N. (2006, October 26). Understand your children through their drawings.LESNET Web Blog. Retrieved December 12, 2012, from http://www. lsesnet. com/blog/? p=28 Freeman, N, H. & Janikoun, R. (1972). Intellectual realism in children’s drawings of a familiar object with distinctive features. Child Development, 43 (3), 1116-1121. Grieve, R. & Hughes, M. (1991). Understanding children. 140-144. Luquet. (1927). Stage Theory of Drawing Meadows, S. (1993). Children’s drawings. The child as a thinker. The development and acquisition of cognition in childhood. 94-96. Thomas, G. & Silk,A. (1990). An introduction to the psychology of children’s drawings. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Self-Reflective Assessment 1/ How did you search for and identify suitable reading for this assignment? Has your reading been sufficiently wide enough and does it make good use of peer-reviewed sources? I used Google scholar, e-library, books from the library and the refere nces provided in the lecture PowerPoint slides to find suitable reading on children’s drawings and children’s minds and it was sufficiently wide enough. All readings were suitable and related to the essay question. 2/ How does your Introduction orientate the reader? How well do you identify the purpose and scope of the essay, and outline your thesis?My introduction orientates the reader because I stated what the essay was about in general and I stated how it has been addressed by previous researchers. I identified the purpose of the essay well as I addressed the main issue of how it is believed that children’s drawings can explain a child’s cognitions. My thesis was outlined well as I summarised the structure of the essay and what it will include. 3/ What evidence have you used to support your argument and the points or claims you make? Are your sources reliable, and have you cited these at appropriate points throughout the essay using APA style?I used AP A style to cite my sources throughout my essay. I have used evidence from previous studies conducted, journals and books to support my arguments and points made. These are all very reliable sources and have been put in my reference section also. 4/ How well have you critically evaluated your material? I tried to criticise and argue to an extent against as many points and argument as I possibly could in my essay so that more viewpoints come across giving me more to evaluate. 5/ How well have you answered the question and avoided unnecessary digression or irrelevant content?I believe that all of my contents are relevant to the question in one way or another. Every point relates back to what the children’s drawing can tell us about their mind and tried also to explain why when possible. 6/ How well does your conclusion summarise the overall argument and round off the essay? The conclusion summarises the overall argument well as it includes all the main, important parts from each study rounded up into one to make an overall conclusion. The essay is rounded off with a final and straight, simple answer to the essay question. .

An Ethical Evaluation Of The Israeli Palestinian Conflict Religion Essay

An Ethical Evaluation Of The Israeli Palestinian Conflict Religion Essay The Middle East is perhaps the most important region in the world. For followers of the three monotheistic faiths, it contains several holy cities, with the most important being Jerusalem. The violence in the region, specifically in Israel-Palestine, makes it difficult for observers of these religions to worship as they please. There have been many efforts to resolve the conflict begun in the first half of the twentieth century, from peace talks to international laws. However, nothing seems to have helped. The solution needs to be one that benefits all in the region and is ethical. It is impossible, however, to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict with the current definition of ethics being used – ethics of obligations, rights, and claims. Instead, a new ethics of fairness and forgiveness needs to be followed. Memory also needs to experience a shift from a focus on vengeance to a focus on remembering justly. Terms Defined In order to better understand the terms used by diff erent groups examined within this paper, it is necessary to define basic terms and indicate in which ways they will be used. Israel will be used when referring to the present country of Israel. This does not include the occupied territories and is limited to the present day land. Eretz Israel will be used when necessary to describe the historically Biblical land of Israel. Any other forms of Israel discussed will be defined by the year or another trait. The occupied territories (OT) as a term will be used when discussing both the West Bank and Gaza Strip or, in different time periods, any of the lands Israeli forces occupied. If this is the case, the year will be given as well as a geographical description. During the Six Day War in 1967, for example, the Sinai Peninsula would also be an occupied territory. The West Bank was conquered by Israeli forces during the 1967 Six Day War and have been in relative control of the territory ever since. Current Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin N etanyahu is planning yet more Israeli settlements within the West Bank. However, international organizations such as the United Nations believe the continued settlements to be illegal.   [ 1 ]   The Gaza Strip was controlled by Egypt until the 1967 war, when Israeli forces invaded and conquered it. In 1994, the Palestinian Authority (the governing body of the occupied territories) took political control of lands in the strip not being used by Israeli armed forces or settlers. East Jerusalem was taken over by Israeli forces during the Six Day War. According to UN Resolution 181, Jerusalem is supposed to be an international city, with a â€Å"special international regime† which â€Å"shall be administered by the United Nations.†Ã‚   [ 2 ]    Fundamentalism is defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as a â€Å"type of militantly conservative religious [and/or political] movement characterized by the advocacy of strict conformity to sacred texts.†Ã‚   [ 3 ]   To the American public, this term generally is associated with Islamic fundamentalists. Within any religion, however, there can be different groups of fundamentalists. Islamic fundamentalists often restrict themselves to very literal interpretations of the Qur’an, their main holy text, and the Hadith, a book about the life of the Prophet Muhammad. Islamic fundamentalists are often associated with Islamism. Not all Islamic fundamentalists are Islamists, but generally speaking, all Islamists are Islamic fundamentalists. Islamists want a religious state, with Islamic law, or Shari’a, replacing secular laws. Islamists also promote the notion of pan-Islamism, or the unity of all Muslims, and the elimination of non-Islamic influences, such as western ideals, practices, and more.   [ 4 ]   For many, this means waging a holy war against outsiders, known as a lesser jihad in mainstream Islam.

Plato vs the gospel of John Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plato vs the gospel of John - Essay Example There is a great power of soul and this fact cannot be denied. Soul is responsible for self-movement and in case it is unable to move, then it loses its power and remains standing still on the Earth. A human being is associated with an earthy frame for the soul and once it is captured in this frame, it results in a mortal human being. In the gospel by John the main emphasis is made on the importance of a human being as a child of light. There is no serious emphasis made on motion, but it is more important to associate a human being with light. People are children of light for sure and this fact underlines that their souls and bodies are highlighted. Once a human being meets darkness and is captured by the hands of darkness, he feels destroyed. Moreover, there is more about a way of perfection in the gospel. Jesus clarifies pure truths to his followers and claims that it is necessary to follow his words and love him, because Jesus loves people and wants to breed the same feelings amon g his followers. Jesus is positioned as a mediator between God and people on the Earth. He outlines possible ways to self-perfection in the modern world. A way to God is a way of teachings and instructions of this divine entity imposed on the followers. Nevertheless, there is a strong necessity of every Christian to follow this thorny path and to live in compliance with the laws of God. A blind following the laws of God underlines a strong inner power of his follower and makes his people strong-willed and self-confident in case they are able to listen to the words of their Teacher. Therefore, in both abstracts there is a discussion about a way of perfection and the role of the soul. For Plato the role of the soul is one of the most crucial for every human being. Every soul should be open for a proper food and in this case it will not lose its wings. It is possible to claim that Plato considers a challenging way of the soul’s development on the Earth and in case this soul obta ins knowledge absolute in existence absolute than it returns to the Heaven and comes back home. Therefore, to reach the Heaven is to follow all the directions of God and be a strong person, which is striving to reach God’s goodness and tolerance. The highest part of the soul reflects its ability to be open to God’s new prospects and considerations. Thus, Plato is more focused on the power of soul and inner harmony, while in the gospel there is a clear dominance of a human ability to follow God’s laws. Still, a way of perfection and further life of the soul depends on the human ability to follow the laws of God. Otherwise it is impossible to reach forgiveness, tolerance, to love God and to be loved by him. There are different types of the souls and depending on the way the soul lived a life in certain frames, it will either survive or not in the human embodiment on the Earth. Of course, there are more philosophic considerations in the work by Plato, but there are more religious ideas in the gospel by John. Two different modes of narration are united by a common theme of God’s doctrine. Perfection of a human being is a perfection of his soul. This fact cannot be denied and it is evident that a human being has numerous opportunities to follow his way, but only the most steady, tolerant and patient ones, which are able to listen to the words of God will become immortal creatures and enable their souls to live many other life cycles. Therefore, a way of perfecti

The Renaissance Time Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Renaissance Time Period - Essay Example As such, the Renaissance was reflected in many forms. It was played out in art, architecture, design, literature, as well as contributed a vast amount of influence in politics and economics. In this paper, the fundamental features of the Renaissance will be explored – from its beginnings in Italy to its expansion to the rest of Europe. Also, an examination of life during the Renaissance will feature economic context of the period, its influence in religion and philosophy, as well as its role of science and medicine. Lastly, the Renaissance life will also be tackled by featuring the food, drinks, and architecture during the period. A. Renaissance and its Origin The word Renaissance means rebirth and with this comes the renewed interest in ancient ideals of Greek and Roman language and culture. As a cultural movement, the Renaissance traces back its origin in Italy where city-states were flourishing amidst the backdrop of wars and conflict with their enemies (Britannica Educatio nal Publishing, 2011). In particular, the northern Italian city-states had, through the middle ages, established close trading links with the Eastern Mediterranean. With it came the renewed cultural ties between Europe and the East, which created a tremendous interest in antiquity and had, since then, culminated in Italy in the 1400s and later spread to other European countries. Moreover, during this period, Italian cities adopted an intellectual movement known as humanism. For Italian humanists, what is fundamental is the sight of man, which is considered to be a universal genius, who could take responsibility for themselves. Another feature of the early Renaissance is the emphasis of learning classical literature of the ancient Greeks and Romans whose areas of studies included literature, politics, history, and language, which are now collectively known as the humanities. With the fruition of humanism in northern Italy during the 13th and 14th century, the Renaissance brought with it a new attitude to life and a new outlook in learning and ideas, which later spread through continental Europe and England. B. Economy and trade During the Renaissance period, Italy was composed of city-states that were strategically located to profit from the renewed trade that was developing because of the Crusades. According to Romano (2010), northern Italian city-states, particularly the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan, the Venetian Republic, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples, became the intermediary areas in Europe’s flourishing trade with the East. As a result, these independent northern city-states became the thriving capital for international transactions and trade. The renaissance economy of Italy in particular depended on the production of wool and silk as well as banking transactions and international trade (Salisbury & Sherman, 2007). Because of the flourishing economy brought about by the expanding trade between Europe and the East, merchants were able to their affluence to gain economic and political control. They were able to give out loans to Kings and maintain various businesses ventures that were vital for economic growth all over Europe. Aside from these, merchants became the leading patrons of the arts as they used their money to sponsor creative undertaking of artists during the Renaissance period (Kelmer and Woods, 1999). For instance, wealthy traders such as

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Strategy - Essay Example It was through this that Apple Incorporated was finally able to come up with its Mac (Macintosh) product line that started to create a name by itself. Integrated with this product line is an Operating System that also struggled to compete with Microsoft. It was not therefore easy for Apple Incorporated to establish its name due to the fact that its industry is home to fierce competition among its key players. However, as competition continues to grow, Apple Incorporated nowadays is able to come up with different product lines such as iPhones and iTunes, iPad, Apple TV, Xserve, professional software application, Mac OS X and iOS operating systems, and other service and support offerings. This is an indication of a never-ending quest for innovative products that continue to help customers address their needs that can only be found from consumer technology products. Apple Incorporated has correspondingly gained big market share in iPhones. Apple’s market share for smart phones in 2008 was 12.9 percent which eventually what made the company as the third largest manufacturer in the world for the said product line (Marino et al., 2010). In the midst of a very tough competition, everything for Apple Incorporated is a matter of creating a need for its product line. ... Company analysis Today, Apple Incorporated operates globally with its products distributed through out its ‘retail and online stores, direct sales force, third party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers and value-added resellers’ (New York Times, 2011). This implies that Apple is into aggressive marketing efforts prior to achieving its competitive advantage. This is an integral part of a global strategy in which the benefits primarily include economies of scale or product replication, the opportunity to serve global customers, exploiting international resources, and the access and integration of knowledge from multiple locations (Grant, 2010; Johnson et al., 2008). This is a matter of giving more ample opportunities for Apple to discover further competitive strength in its industry through the maximisation of its operation and resources, which eventually needs to be worked out. Global companies are known to diversify their operation and find the right combin ation of resources for their competitive advantage (Feist, 1999). In this way, it is necessary for them to reach certain level of achievement in their industry and that is to go for global strategy. The opportunities are great but there are also corresponding higher risks. Apple Incorporated has remarkably taken different approaches prior to achieving a significant market share and eventually enduring on a very tough competition and risks. In May 2010, Apple Incorporated becomes the world’s most valuable company by outperforming the software giant Microsoft based on its stock value. This is an indication that Apple’s strategic moves have paid off over time and its continuing operation in its industry is a significant

Summary of journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of journals - Essay Example The author asserts that apart from the traditional use, there are a number of additional health benefits that have been proven by research. The flowers of the plant can improve benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms whereas fruits can assist in lipid abnormalities and hangovers prevention. Some researchers have also suggested its role as a diuretic. Improved glycemic control is achieved if plants products are consumed along with oral hypoglycemic agents. Regarding the rising incidence of cancer, the author claims that Prickly pears can prevent carcinogenesis of certain origins. Like all medication, the use of this plant is also associated with a number of adverse effects. These are in the form of gastric disturbances and dermatitis like rash on the skin if plant products are applied topically. The dermatological manifestations of this dermatitis are similar to the rash of scabies which is primarily found on fingers, wrists, buttocks and genital area. Overall, the author has attempted to convince the readers about the potential benefits of the plant and to avoid bias; he has put forward a number of both beneficial and detrimental aspects of the plant before the readers, leaving it up to the readers to decide about the pros and cons themselves. The survival of plants on various regions of the earth is largely dependent upon the ranges of temperatures that persist in those areas. Interestingly, different parts of plants have varying sensitivities to the surrounding temperatures. Freezing temperatures can lead to disruption of cell structure due to ice crystal formation while exceedingly high temperatures may cause cell membrane disruption and denaturation of proteins. Gradual increase or decrease in ambient day/night temperatures can provide a plant the opportunity to adjust to new temperature ranges by developing tolerance due to the formation of certain cryoprotectants and proteins. This study focuses on Opuntia ficus-indica species and

Organizational change part i Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational change part i - Essay Example All stakeholders have to be involved in the change process for it to be effective. There are various types of change depending on which part of the organization needs to be changed. The most critical part of organizational change lies with the leaders. An organization’s leaders have to manage the change through planning, assessment and evaluation and have to ensure that every stakeholder in the organization buys in to the ides of change and is involved in it (Cole, Harris & Bernerth, 2006). Despite change being recognized as an inevitable and necessary evil in almost all spheres of life, organizational change poses a lot of challenges to leaders. Effective management of organizational change takes four main steps namely; recognizing the need to have effect the change, planning for the change, training staff with regard to the impending change, and getting support from the employees and other stakeholders during the change process (Cole, Harris & Bernerth, 2006). The first step involves conducting a systematic diagnosis of the organization as it is currently so as to identify the need for initiating change and determine the organization’s ability to manage the change. Planning process involves determining the objectives of the change as well as outlining the procedures to be taken when effecting the change. At the end of the change process, it is necessary to conduct an assessment of the whole process to determine if the objectives were met. Organizational change can be said to be successful if it meets its objectives and the benefits of the change are realized by the management and employees of the organization (Cole, Harris & Bernerth, 2006). Successful change also improves communication among employees and other stakeholders. Health care organizations have also encountered numerous challenges that have often forced them to change in one way or another so as to effectively treat patients (Rashid, 2007). Changes in lifestyles have led to emergence of new diseases while technology has made treatment of some diseases much easier. Healthcare organizations need to adopt technology and also support research so as to discover better ways of fighting diseases. This requires a change of strategy, mission, and mode of operation or human resource. In some cases change may be needed in all aspects of the organization (Rashid, 2007). Readiness for change is one of the issues that change management experts have focused on in the recent few years by recommending strategies that organizations need to take in order to be fully prepared for change. Readiness for change is a very crucial concept in healthcare given the ever changing nature of treatment. Healthcare organizations have to be strategically positioned so as to meet the demands brought about by change (Rashid, 2007). An organization’s readiness for change depends on various factors such as organizational culture, flexibility of the organization’s policies, and the abi lity of leaders to manage changes in the working environment. Managing change in a healthcare facility is not different from other organizations. The leaders have to be very assertive and proactive in steering health organizations in the right direction. This requires constant assessment of the current level of operations in the organization and determining what needs to be done so as to help improve treatment of patients. Departmental heads

Contemporary Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Management Principles - Essay Example The contemporary manager must devise ways of incorporation of information communications technology, handle diversity, put up with frequent conflicting claims from stakeholders, and abide by charters that correspond with the business functions. The list of organisational challenges has become nearly incessant. As such, the process of management consists of controlling and directing a team of one or additional entities or people for the reason of harmonizing and coordinating that team towards achievement of a goal. Therefore, management frequently covers the manipulation and deployment of financial resources, human resources, natural resources, and technological resources. Various theories of management have been employed from earlier times. However, as the business world keeps changing, different concepts are continually applied in the contemporary era (Saxena, 2009, 1). In this context, one case study will be discussed with regard to the contemporary management principles. Different features of the principles will be applied to comprehend the drivers behind the occurrences in the case scenario. This essay aims to comprehend the main drivers of contemporary management principles when applied by different organizations. Task 1: Understanding and application of principles The Main Drivers for the Merger of AOL and Time Warner with regard to Contemporary Management Principles The case regards the leading merger ever to occur in the United States history with 2 completely distinctive organizations, Time Warner and American Online. The two organisations merged to create a $97 billion international information technology and entertainment media giant, AOL-Time Warner. Providing cable and internet service to 126 million consumers, a colossal management challenge is experienced by the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of the organisation, Bob Pittman (Verma No Year, p. 4). The Time Warner and AOL merger ties the bind to the old economy infrastructure with the candidness an d content of the novel-fangled economy. The AOL-Time Warner merger, which required nearly 12 months to be acknowledged through the FCC, triggered a flurry of online-offline mergers. Simply below three years later, investors of Time Warner, investments in the merged organisations were only worth $36 billion, incurring a $50 billion loss. The novel AOL-Time Warner anticipated to apply its numerous divisions to enhance group products, although ran into obstacles when in 2001, advertising income fell. Amid lawsuits from the organisation’s shareholders claiming that there was overstatement of the AOL’s value prior to the sale, Mr. Steven Case resigned as the organisation’s chairman in 2003. Under Richard Parsons, the named chief executive, Time Warner had to experience an obstacle from a notorious â€Å"corporate raider† Carl Icahn, who was not content with the organisation’s approach in early 2006. The company was expected to be made smaller by Jeff Be wkes, who was to succeed Mr. Richard Parsons in 2008. The management running these two organisations have still been incapable of obtaining the synergy benefits, which actually were the key drivers behind the activities of the merger. Underachievement of the organisatio

The Impact of Disruption to Sleep Patterns in the Intensive Care Unit Essay

The Impact of Disruption to Sleep Patterns in the Intensive Care Unit - Essay Example One indisputable fact is that lack of sleep affects the health and progress of the healing for patients in the ICU. A study on the impacts of sleep disruptions in the ICU indicated that the nature of sleep patterns in a nursing environment has some significant associations with the mortality rates (Friese, 2007, p. 1210). Nursing institutions that promote good sleep habits for patients in the ICU have also shown significant reductions in the levels of mortality. On the other hand, nursing institutions that do not have any structures for promoting good sleep habits were also associated with high mortality rates. The findings of this study were consistent with other findings that showed a positive association between the states of health of patients in the ICU with the number of hours of sleep that the patients managed to get (Friese, 2007, p. 1212). For instance, these findings showed that most of the patients who managed to get uninterrupted sleep were able to respond faster and bett er to treatment than those who were occasionally interrupted by the nurses or other factors. Discussion Various studies have developed an association between the rate of patients’ readmission to the nursing homes and the disruptions to the sleep patterns (Patel, Chipman, Carlin & Shade, 2008, p. 309; Patel, Chipman, Carlin & Shade, 2008, p. 310). Some of the inferences drawn from this study are that the sleep patterns of the patients in the ICU promoted the natural defences of the body, thus, allowing the patients to develop long-terms health stability. These associations are also consistent with other studies that have established the existence of positive influences between long term health balances of individuals to the quality of sleep that they receive (Eliassen & Hopstock, 2011, p. 140). Opinions of some nursing experts suggest that the promotion of environmental conditions that support quality sleeping patterns is more sustainable than interventions that involve the us e of sleep inducers. Patients who are occasionally subjected to sleep inducers often lapse into delirium after a short while and may require stronger inducers in order for them to acquire the same amount of sleep (Patel, Chipman, Carlin & Shade, 2008, p. 310). Some of the studies have established a connection between the impairment of the body’s ability to combat infections (Eliassen & Hopstock, 2011; Friese, 2007). Quality sleep strengthens the immune system and provides the enabling environment for the functioning of the defensive mechanism of the body. Poor sleeping patterns are usually associated with prolonged healing and negative responses to the treatment processes. Patients who fail to get sufficient sleep are also likely to suffer from hallucinations and unstable psychological states. This is because the state of a patient’s mental balance is affected by the kind of pressure and strain that occur during the period of wakefulness. In order for a patient in the ICU to develop the necessary defences, it is necessary to develop a stable sleeping schedule with sufficient time that would allow for the release of the strain and pressure that operate at the mental level. The role of nurses in mitigating the adverse

Problem of Personal Identity Essay Example for Free

Problem of Personal Identity Essay I. Introduction In this paper, I will investigate the Problem of Personal Identity. The particular scenario I will respond to is: Suppose that sometime in the future a crazy scientist creates a perfect clone of you. The clone has a qualitatively identical body to yours and has the same memories as you as well as same voice, character, and so on. How would yo convince a court of law that the clone is not really you? What theory of personal identity would help you to make your case (Rauhut, 2011, p. 125)? First I will clarify key terms, and then I will apply those terms in my analysis of the question. Then I will close out by reflecting on my conclusion and some insights I gained about the Problem of Personal Identity. II. Conceptual Clarification Qualitative identity is a state of identity by looking the same or having the â€Å"same properties† (p. 107). An example of qualitative identity is two cars that look the same, as in same red paint, same build of car body, same type and brand of tires, etc., but are not one and the same vehicle since there is more than one. In other words, two objects or persons can look very similar but be two different objects or persons. Numerical identity is the condition of being the same if and only if it is truly â€Å"one and the same† object or person (p. 108). For example, I have a glass of water that I set on the table. It is the only glass of water on the table and there is no one else around to put another glass on the table, thus when I come back to pick it up, it must be the same glass of water I had originally, and is numerically identical. In other words, if two objects or persons look very similar and even function very similar, they can only be numerically identical if they are one and the same object or person, and there is only one of the object or persons being described. The body theory is â€Å"often referred to as animalism;† identity conditions that â€Å"we are around as long as our physical bodies are around† (p. 114). The body theory is based on numerical identity, stating same body, same self. Even though the body may change through time, it is still numerically the same body and thus the same person that experiences through the body. For example, a childhood friend comes back to visit after a longtime of not seeing her. She does not look the same, but-though you probably wouldn’t do this upon seeing her again-her DNA and fingerprints match the friend you knew before, so they must be the same person. Memory theory is the theory that our psychological collection of experiences of different life stages enables us to be sure we are us. In other words, â€Å"we are connected to the past as long as the past is somehow resent within us, and we will be connected with or present in the future as long as we recall this present† or â€Å"as long as my memories are around, I am around† (p. 119). For example, the friend who comes to visit you remembers many of the things you both experienced together, and so you assume she is indeed the same friend you knew before. III. Analysis In this section, I will investigate the scenario of convincing a court of law that a cloned version of me is not really me. First I will briefly discuss the theories of personal identity and the arguments that may form to disprove that the clone is not me. I will then discuss my decisive theory which best supports my case, the body theory, and my reasoning for this. The memory theory would ultimately disprove that I am a separate person then my clone because the clone shares my numerically identical memories. The memories are ultimately one and the same, and remembered by us both. Memory theorists would argue that as long as my memories are around, then I am around, and the body is irrelevant. As the clone also shares my personality or character that formed from those remembered experiences, it causes the theory to be even more convincing. However, there are some issues that come into play, to include the problem of false memories. While my clone remembers all that I experienced, and remembers how each experience felt, these memories occurred before the clone existed. I can have memories of being Napoleon, but that does not mean I am Napoleon. Beliefs of reincarnation may come into play with these issues of memories before our physical existence, but with a clone, the case can be made with the help of the body theory and related science. The body theory best supports my case to prove my clone is a separate person from myself because of the science relative to the creation of my clone. We may be qualitatively identical and even have very near exactly replicated DNA, but small variations make all the difference. A cloned version of myself comes much later then my own self came into being, and thus must have been â€Å"speed-aged†, causing my clone to have a much shorter lifespan than I myself will have (Think quest, 2011). Since clones are a natural concept as well, as identical twins and triplets are basic clones, DNA can also be looked at for variations. Even Siamese twins, who are virtually one body, have variations in the DNA of their separated parts, showing they are indeed two different bodies even though those bodies are connected. The immune system of a cloned being is also less stable than the original being that has been copied; this issue appears to be caused from the â€Å"speed-aging† process, and the cloning of antibodies (Think quest). The main feature of our two beings, myself and my cloned self, that cause us to decisively be two very different persons, is our age and true physical experiences. The physical experience of the memories we share and when they occurred makes our character. Remembering being 5 years old does not make us five years old if we were grown in a lab and â€Å"seed-aged† to five years old in less than a week. Remembering my mother also does not make my cloned self my mother’s daughter. My mother knows only one of me, and would probably have a heart attack if suddenly two of me called her â€Å"mom†. If my original body is lost, my mother would mourn my loss rather than accept I am still here since my clone may still be here. IV. Reflection Insights into the Problem of Personal Identity gained include the science that makes the case for the body theory. Though the body theory essentially was the deciding theory in court to prove my clone is not myself, the memory theory has valid points of why the clone may in fact be myself in a different body. It is essentially logically possible, as it shows in movies, for me to switch bodies with someone and experience new memories without my body. While I did not discuss the soul theory, I also understand how one could argue the nonphysical form of self could continue on when the body dies and perhaps even later be reincarnated into a new body with past memories that body did not experience. However, that is for a different discussion and further investigation. These new insights can be applied in my everyday life, and my continuing to question what makes a person themselves. This will also enable me to better understand the reasoning behind various theories of reincarnation, scien tific study and the concept of cloning, and even the religious aspects to what makes a self that may be different from my own beliefs.

Health Care Museum Essay Example for Free

Health Care Museum Essay HEALTH CARE MUSEUM The Health Care Museum exhibit is to acknowledgment the five most significant developments in the evolution of healthcare in the United States. Over the years weve seen a rapid growth in the Health Care industry thats both good and bad. After my research there are several areas I would like to portray for my exhibit debut. The five most significant developments are The Insured, the Underinsured, the Uninsured, Medications, Prevention, Technology and Health Care Delivery. EXHIBIT A: The Insured, the Underinsured, the Uninsured Insurance plays a huge part of healthcare development over the years. We have laws in place to help patients who are insured, underinsured and uninsured to received treatments. There a lot of people who struggle to keep up with the increasing costs of health care insurance, but there are plan thats affordable to cover their medical expenses. The impact insurance has in United States is really big because the number of people without health care has increased. The establishing future in Health Care insurance remains uncertain because many people today still dont have health insurance. I do believe that the health care reform will help in that case, but it may take some time to see the results. EXHIBIT B: Medications Medications play a very big important role into the development of the Health Care Industry. With the advancement of medication we have seen a momentous decrease in the number of people that were hospitalized or caused death because they did not acquired the proper medication. Science is the main reason why we are so ahead in medicine, advances in medical science help protect most diseases from spreading. Medicines can cure, preclude, or even stop an outbreak or a virus. The most notable development of medicine is that it comes in many different shapes and size. One can take medicine in a use of a pill, liquid such as syrup and exercise is a form of medication. . EXHIBIT C: Prevention Prevention has to be the most important development thus far because if we dont have any control over transferrable diseases from spreading Ebola, then we all are at risk of an epidemic of disease thats infectious. Around the world we have community associates and health care providers thats willing to educate the public about the importance and the consequences of a transmittable disease. We all have been working together to prevent the spreading of dangerous disease. Some of the simple task we can do to prevent spreading disease is as simple as washing your hands constantly. EXHIBIT D: Technology If it wasnt for technology the United State Health Care System wouldnt be as great as it is today. Technology has a great impact in all of the different health fields in the industry. Since technology is improving constantly the possibilities are endless as to what we can use it for. The most important part in regards to technology in Health Care is the ability to obtain very important medical information. Many different departments in the healthcare field are using technology a lot of different ways. The most common use is to reach out to the broader populations, connect with patients virtually, and most importantly public awareness. EXHIBIT E: Health Care Delivery Reforming our health care delivery system to improve the quality and value of care is essential to address escalating costs, poor quality, and increasing numbers of Americans without health insurance coverage. Reforms should improve access to the right care at the right time in the right setting. They should keep people healthy and prevent common, avoidable complications of illnesses to the greatest extent possible. Thoughtfully constructed reforms would support greater access to health-improving care in contrast to the current system, which encourages more tests, procedures, and treatments that are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. In conclusion, as we all know the health care industry has grown drastically over the years. The five most significant developments is not only important factors in the health care field, but theyre also important in todays society. For example, The Insured, the Underinsured, the Uninsured plays a huge part in todays world because of the sky rocking health cost and the fact that not everyone can afford it. Medications are also very important since we all want to feel better when we are ill. References Access to Health Care Coalition (2001). Closing the gap: Improving access to health care in Michigan. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. Retrieved October 13, 2014 from http://bcbsm.com/blues/pdf/access_to_hc.pdf American Hospital Association (1997). Hospital statistics: A comprehensive summary of U. S. hospitals. Chicago, IL: Author. Institute for the Future (2000). Health and health care 2010: The forecast, the challenge. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Health Statistics. Health U.S. 2010: With Special features on death and dying. Hyattsville MD:CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2014

Developing The Anti Tobacco Smoking Campaigns English Language Essay

Developing The Anti Tobacco Smoking Campaigns English Language Essay Indian women are among the worst in the world when it comes to smoking. According to the latest Tobacco Atlas, the country ranks third in the top 20 female smoking populations across the globe.   Only the US with 2.3 crore female smokers and China with 1.3 crore women smokers are worse off than India. Tobacco usage in India claims more than 800000 lives annually. Globally the number of smokers is expected to rise to 1.7 billion by 2020. Ninety percent of the smokers in the country start smoking before they are 24 years old. Half the male tuberculosis deaths in India are caused by smoking. If smoking is unchecked, by 2020, millions of people in India will become regular smokers. Most of them experience their first puff before attaining the age 18. What is most disturbing is the steady rise in the numbers of teenagers, some of them as young as 14 or 15 years. Out of the 1000 teenagers who smoke, at least 500 have been found to die of tobacco-related diseases. In USA, the drop in smoking has been attributed to a number of reasons a growing awareness about the health-damaging effects of smoking, rising cigarette prices, rising cigarette taxes, aggressive anti-smoking campaigns and a decline in the social acceptability of smoking. Disastrous Effects of Smoking Smoking predisposes to oral, lung, and other cancers. Smokers are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure and to experience a heart-attack or stroke. Smokers are also at increased risk of disturbances ranging from dental caries to osteoporosis. Women smokers are more likely to have abortions. Their children are more likely to have behavioral disorders. Non-smokers, who regularly inhale cigarette smoke, also suffer higher medical risk. A study of half a million Americans who were followed-up for an average of nine years, showed that the risk of death was doubled in smokers. *As many as 2200 Indians stop smoking every day by dying. Tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world. Forty percent of the cancer detected in India, is because of tobacco use. With every cigarette, you ingest a staggering 4700 chemicals, 42 carcinogens or cancer-causing substance. One cigarette and one beedi reduce seven minutes of your life. Approximately Rs.27000 crores in terms of healthcare costs and lost productively. One packet of Pan Parrag or Hans reduces four minutes of your life. It causes sexual impotency in men, miscarriage and infertility in women, wrinkled skin, stained teeth, bad odour, mouth ulceration and difficulty in swallowing. Every organ in the body is affected from head to toe, especially the brain, lungs and heart attacks, chronic cough and lung disease, worsened condition of diabetes, blood pressure and lower stamina. Babies born to mothers who smoke can be sicker, die suddenly, or have more infections of the middle ear, coughing and wheezing. Tobacco-related causes lead, every year in India, to 20000 amputations besides frightening diseases like lung/oral cancer, stroke and heart problems and over eight lakh deaths compared to 60000 from road accidents. Cause problems to family, friends and co-workers from the smoke from the cigarette exposing them to the same dangers. This is called second hand smoking. Therefore, it is quite evident that smoking is a serious problem India is facing today esp. the youth of India. Target Segment As mentioned earlier, females generally start smoking in their late teens. So, my campaign would be targeting the girls who are in the age group of 16-24 years. Attitude towards Smoking Young women who smoke experience very few noticeable side effects (well nothing serious enough to motivate quitting en masse), not only do they lack the motivation to quit; they are also extraordinarily adept at creating loopholes to escape antismoking messages directed at them. An analysis of various research showed that the three main loopholes were: Smoking is just one of the many risks in life Young smokers make a distinction between immediate, personal reasons for giving up and more remote, official reasons such as long term health risks (e.g. lung cancer) which seem less relevant. The risks of smoking are too far in the future to worry about now Young smokers have no meaningful sense of their own mortality and live very much in the here and now. Antismoking messages are redundant everybody knows smoking is   bad for you To be effective, the antismoking message must feel like new news. Planning the Anti-Smoking Campaigns The planner had to infiltrate the world of the young female smoker to find a new angle, but how?   We needed to work from the inside out, our starting point being our target, from its own point of view.   We would find our targets weak spot and then find a weapon to match a relevant short term negative effect of smoking that would hit them where it would have the most effect.   Teenwatching For several months, the planner would watch the targets programmes and movies, read their magazines, frequented their hang out spots and shopped where they shopped.   Part of this planners method research included teenwatching (i.e. observing and interacting with our target in its own environment, as one of them) in various McDonalds on Saturday afternoons. Interviews with editors of leading young womens magazines An important and intimate relationship exists between young womens magazines and their readers.   These magazines act almost as best friend and offer discussion and advice on everything from what to wear and how to pull to body image and emotional problems.   For the lowdown on how to get even closer to our target, the planner would grill the editors of magazines with large (female) youth profiles. Strategy positioning research We need to find a credible, relevant and persuasive message that communicated a short term negative effect of smoking. The key insight of our targets weak spot As a result of the above, three key points became clear:   There is no scope for even a hint of a prescriptive just say no antismoking message. This group, young women, will only respond to messages that offer (or seem to offer) them an informed choice.   This is part of their assertion of independence and their rejection of anything that comes from people who patronise them and couldnt possibly understand what it means to be them. Appearance (and from this, positive self-esteem, boys, sex and peer   group acceptance) is the key preoccupation Young women are extremely concerned about their appearance (real and perceived).   When it comes to their appearance (skincare, make up, clothes, hair etc ) this group seem to be trains potters of the first order.   They are information hungry and, when reading their magazines, they are willing to plough through acres of pictures, diagrams and juicy detail to discover whats new and true in the world of skincare, hair care and overall image creation.   Credible information learned here passes into the grapevine and can very quickly become received wisdom within the peer group. Young womens positive associations with smoking (aside from peer group acceptance) are mainly to do with appearance: When you smoke you look sophisticated, quietly confident, a bit sexy, alluring and more like an adult The spectre of post quitting weight gain was, for many young women, seen as more relevant and immediate than cancer. Cancer may happen in the future, you cant see it but the weight you can see it now and you have to live with it We would have to talk to these girls about something that was genuinely important to them now (not just what we think should be important to them)their looks.   An approach that exploits our targets insecurities about their appearance, using the scientific language of cosmetics, could work Young female smokers believe that the short term negative effects on appearance caused by smoking is just not credible because, unsurprisingly, they could not see any adverse effects taking place now. I propose a hypothesis that a credible but scary fact (smoking makes your skin thinner true but probably unusable because everyone in this rather small medical study was over 50 years old) would capture our targets imagination and create a cause for concern where there previously was none (cf. messages from cosmetics manufacturers re: large pores, toxins in the skin, blackheads and sun cream).   Sure enough, many of the girls would take the skin thinness story.   I believe girls would internalise the story and gave it their own meanings that were relevant to them now and that tapped into their own individual anxieties about the appearance of their skin. There was a great deal of familiarity with a wide range of scientific skincare terms (e.g. antioxidants, aminoacids, toxins etc) which was not particularly surprising given this groups obsession and information hunger with regards to appearance, in general, and skincare specifically.   This is the language of cosmetics that cosmetics manufacturers use to sell these girls more and more skin, hair and body products.   Each new product requires its own story filled with scientific language to lend it credibility.   The Story Every cigarette contains 4000 toxins, many of which the blood stream carries straight into the structure of the skin.   The toxins in cigarette smoke cause the blood vessels in the top layers of the skin to constrict thus reducing the blood supply there.  Ã‚   It is the reduced blood supply which causes a reduction in the availability of oxygen (which is necessary for all living cells) and the removal of waste products, dead skin fragments, etc which provides the necessary environment for skin regeneration. This would be scary stuff to the average young woman who spends much of her time and money on a skincare regime worthy of Cleopatra herself (face packs, cleansing, exfoliating, toning and moisturising). The creative brief My proposition for the campaign is: Every cigarette you smoke is having a detrimental effect on your looks now. Smoking makes younger you look older The picture above clearly captures the side effects of smoking on the beauty of a girl. Creative Development research Three key points relevant to the campaign are: In order to attract the attention of our rather discriminating target, the visuals used had to be of intrinsic interest to them.   It is not enough to use long scientific copy to imitate the language of cosmetics.   In order to be relevant the copy should be succinct and, to create the same excitement that good cosmetics ads do, it must adopt the aspirational Clinique approach of top skincare scientists at the cutting edge rather than that of an ordinary G.P., a grey, health expert. A tone that is too jokey, cleverclever, discursive or ironic would undermine the credibility of the message. Refining the creative work We stuck with the idea and the creative team used the learnings from research to present our story in a way that was a shorthand, communicating effectively in a language (the language of cosmetics) that our target understood immediately and was already highly responsive to:   Four single page print ads in the style of a high quality cosmetics ad campaign but with cigarettes and cigarette ash sullying typical skincare / cosmetic products (facepack, skin cream, translucent powder and a make up brush).1 The final media strategy We worked extremely closely with our media team and when we saw the finished ads glossy, beautiful, instant fix we decided that not only were we going to use magazines, for the reasons outlined above, but we were also going to use posters in the London Underground because: Although the Underground is not a beauty environment per se, many cosmetics brands advertise there and so there was a natural fit with our faux cosmetics campaign. You cant smoke on the tube and so cigarettes are often top of mind for many smokers when they travel on the Underground. A grim reality strategy of getting to our target when they are feeling lousy e.g. early in the morning. Have we hit the mark? Qualitative research commissioned by the HEA showed that by using the language of cosmetics, and also the glamour and simple gloss of the best cosmetics advertisements, the message was found to be believable and extremely relevant.   These ads were found to be an appropriate counter to the sophisticated image the tobacco industry and the movie / fashion world currently give cigarettes. Quantitative ad tracking showed a 20% increase in the number of 16 24 year olds who claim to have seen advertising with an antismoking message (excluding nicotine replacement treatments).   84% of the smokers that had seen the ads felt that they were aimed specifically at them and almost two thirds said that the ads had encouraged them to think about giving up.   With these ads, we have achieved our goal of inspiring, in our target, the beginnings of meaningful motivation to quit through engendering a sense of identification, instilling a sense of urgency and blocking off escape routes. Journalists too have followed our lead and magazines and newspapers now run stories about smoking affecting young girls looks (4000 toxins etc) as if it were received wisdom.2 The planner used her wits (and a bit of method in her madness) to find a way (literally) under the otherwise impenetrable skins of young women who smoke. Conclusion Planning contributed to highly successful creative work by: Redefining the role for advertising Using method planning, as a complement to conventional research, to find a critical new consumer insight which changed the way we positioned our antismoking message Providing crucial ammunition for creatives by discovering certain key facts to create a new, relevant story about the effects of smoking Using research to refine the creative work and to encourage intelligent media implementation

American Antislavery 1820-1860 :: History African Americans Essays

American Antislavery 1820-1860 missing works cited The antebellum American antislavery movement began in the 1820s and was sustained over 4 decades by organizations, publications, and small acts of resistance that challenged the legally protected and powerful institution of slavery and the more insidious enemy of black equality, racism. Abolitionists were always a radical minority even in the free states of the North, and the movement was never comprised of a single group of people with unified motivations, goals, and methods. Rather, the movement was fraught with ambiguity over who its leaders would be, how they would go about fighting the institution of slavery, and what the future would be like for black Americans. Some of the persisting goals of antislavery activism were legal emancipation, aid to runaway slaves through vigilance groups and the Underground Railroad, civil rights for freed blacks in the north, and education, suffrage, and economic advancement for African-Americans. Perhaps the most unifying ideal of the anti-slavery movement was that the racial basis for American slavery could be undermined by promoting Christian values, education and economic progress among free blacks to show that they were capable of succeeding as individuals in an integrated American society. Richard Allen, leader of the A.M.E. church, stated the case for black progress as an answer to the justifications of slaveholders: â€Å"if we are lazy and idol, the enemies of freedom plead it as a cause why we ought not to be free.† In addition to the connection between abolition and economic and social progress, most abolitionists worked for the assurance of civil rights and legal protection for free blacks, who lived in an anomalous condition of â€Å"freedom† without citizenship and with constant threat of discrimination, violence, and abduction to be sold into slavery. There were some bitter conflicts over specific strategies. Though Garrison and most blacks favored immediate abolition, many whites continued to prefer or express willingness to settle for gradual emancipation. Violent resistance was at first rejected by many, again under the influence of Garrison, but David Walker’s appeal that violence should be used against slavery became more popular as blacks and abolitionists searched for an effective means of self-defense against mobs and pursuit of civil rights. Whether or not individuals worked within the political framework of the constitution to effect change again depended on allegiance to Garrison, and in general the early antislavery activists preferred moral arguments while later leaders were more willing to use political means.

Southern Innfluences In A ROSE For Emily :: essays research papers

William Faulkner’s classic short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† has been noted as an excellent example of Southern literature. Southern literature can be defined as literature about the South, written by authors who were reared in the South. Characteristics of southern literature are the importance of family, sense of community, importance of religion, importance of time, of place, and of the past, and use of Southern voice and dialect. Most of the novels are written as a Southerner actually speaks. Many books also describe the historical importance of the Southern town. William Faulkner was a twentieth century American author who won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Most famous for his novel The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner defines Southern literature. In his mythical county of Yaknapatawpha, Faulkner contrasted the past with the present era. The past was represented in Emily Grierson, Colonel Sartoris, the Board of Alderman, and the Negro servant. Homer Barron, the new Board of Alderman, and the new sheriff represented the present. Homer was the main representative of Yankee views towards the Griersons and the entire South, a situation of the present. Emily held the view of the past as if it were a rose-tinted place where nothing would ever die. Her world was already the past. Whenever the modern times were about to take hold of her, she retreated to that world of the past, and took Homer with her. Her room upstairs was that place, a place where Emily could stay with dead Homer forever as though no death nor disease could separate them. Homer had lived in the present, and Emily eventually conquered that. Emily’s family was a monument of the past; Emily herself was referred to as a â€Å"fallen monument.† She was a relic of Southern gentility and past values. She had been considered fallen because she had been proven susceptible to death and decay like the rest of the world. As for the importance of family, Emily was really close to her father. He was very protective of her and extremely dominating. The entire town had a tableau of the two of them, Miss Emily was a slender figure in white in the background, and her father was a sprawled figure in the foreground, his back defensively turned to her and clutching a horsewhip with the dark boundary of the door framing them. The town also believed the Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were.

Plaths arrival Of The Bee Box :: essays research papers

The Troubled Consciousness of Sylvia Plath as seen in â€Å"The Arrival of the Bee Box†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the poem, â€Å"The Arrival of the Bee Box,† Sylvia Plath uses a metaphor to represent the darker aspects of the subconscious that are leaking into her conscious mind:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The box is locked, it is dangerous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have to live with it overnight   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And I can’t keep away from it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are no windows, so I can’t see what is in there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is only a little grid, no exit. It is inevitable that Plath will need to face the bees that lie in the box. She is â€Å"appalled† at the thought of letting them out. She says â€Å"I am no source of honey/So why should they turn on me,† but she is still clearly convinced that they pose a threat. She suggests that the bees taken separately would not be too difficult to handle, but that now they are like a â€Å"Roman mob† and could kill her. Plath emphasizes the fact that she has â€Å"ordered† this box in the first and fifth stanzas. This suggests that she knew she would have to deal with what the bee box represents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bees that are locked up in the box symbolize the swarming and potentially destructive chaos that Plath can feel within herself. The bees have the ability to inflict pain on her and sting her. She longs to take control over the bees to save herself from any more pain. In the fifth stanza Plath does assert dominance over the bees in the box: â€Å"They can die, I need feed them nothing, I am the owner.† She is trying to convince herself of her own strength by placing herself in a position of power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a correlation between the bees and her father. Her father Otto Plath was an expert on insects--especially bees. The whole series of bee poems relates to her father (like â€Å"The Bee Keeper’s Daughter†). If the bees are locked in the box, then much of what she is feeling is connected to her father. Perhaps she is trying to place herself in control of the troubling memory of her father. Plath needs to confront her feelings of abandonment and despondency. The description of the box as â€Å"dark† in the third stanza further implies that part of what she must deal with inside of the box is related to him. In â€Å"Daddy† Bishop refers to her father’s â€Å"fat black heart.† She also refers to him as the â€Å"man in black† or the â€Å"black man† in other poems. Plaths arrival Of The Bee Box :: essays research papers The Troubled Consciousness of Sylvia Plath as seen in â€Å"The Arrival of the Bee Box†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the poem, â€Å"The Arrival of the Bee Box,† Sylvia Plath uses a metaphor to represent the darker aspects of the subconscious that are leaking into her conscious mind:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The box is locked, it is dangerous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have to live with it overnight   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And I can’t keep away from it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are no windows, so I can’t see what is in there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is only a little grid, no exit. It is inevitable that Plath will need to face the bees that lie in the box. She is â€Å"appalled† at the thought of letting them out. She says â€Å"I am no source of honey/So why should they turn on me,† but she is still clearly convinced that they pose a threat. She suggests that the bees taken separately would not be too difficult to handle, but that now they are like a â€Å"Roman mob† and could kill her. Plath emphasizes the fact that she has â€Å"ordered† this box in the first and fifth stanzas. This suggests that she knew she would have to deal with what the bee box represents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bees that are locked up in the box symbolize the swarming and potentially destructive chaos that Plath can feel within herself. The bees have the ability to inflict pain on her and sting her. She longs to take control over the bees to save herself from any more pain. In the fifth stanza Plath does assert dominance over the bees in the box: â€Å"They can die, I need feed them nothing, I am the owner.† She is trying to convince herself of her own strength by placing herself in a position of power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a correlation between the bees and her father. Her father Otto Plath was an expert on insects--especially bees. The whole series of bee poems relates to her father (like â€Å"The Bee Keeper’s Daughter†). If the bees are locked in the box, then much of what she is feeling is connected to her father. Perhaps she is trying to place herself in control of the troubling memory of her father. Plath needs to confront her feelings of abandonment and despondency. The description of the box as â€Å"dark† in the third stanza further implies that part of what she must deal with inside of the box is related to him. In â€Å"Daddy† Bishop refers to her father’s â€Å"fat black heart.† She also refers to him as the â€Å"man in black† or the â€Å"black man† in other poems.

Deception Point Page 111

Rachel blushed, her skin tingling. â€Å"Thanks.† The agent led Rachel down the impeccably appointed hallway to a plain-looking doorway nearby. â€Å"The Lincoln Bedroom,† the agent said. â€Å"And as I am always supposed to say outside this door, ‘Sleep well, and beware of ghosts.'† Rachel nodded. The legends of ghosts in the Lincoln Bedroom were as old as the White House itself. It was said that Winston Churchill had seen Lincoln's ghost here, as had countless others, including Eleanor Roosevelt, Amy Carter, actor Richard Dreyfuss, and decades of maids and butlers. President Reagan's dog was said to bark outside this door for hours at a time. The thoughts of historical spirits suddenly made Rachel realize what a sacred place this room was. She felt suddenly embarrassed, standing there in her long football jersey, bare-legged, like some college coed sneaking into a boy's room. â€Å"Is this kosher?† she whispered to the agent. â€Å"I mean this is the Lincoln Bedroom.† The agent winked. â€Å"Our policy on this floor is ‘Don't ask, don't tell.'† Rachel smiled. â€Å"Thanks.† She reached for the door-knob, already feeling the anticipation of what lay beyond. â€Å"Rachel!† The nasal voice carried down the hallway like a buzz saw. Rachel and the agent turned. Corky Marlinson was hobbling toward them on crutches, his leg now professionally bandaged. â€Å"I couldn't sleep either!† Rachel slumped, sensing her romantic tryst about to disintegrate. Corky's eyes inspected the cute Secret Service agent. He flashed her a broad smile. â€Å"I love women in uniform.† The agent pulled aside her blazer to reveal a lethal-looking sidearm. Corky backed off. â€Å"Point taken.† He turned to Rachel. â€Å"Is Mike awake, too? You going in?† Corky looked eager to join the party. Rachel groaned. â€Å"Actually, Corky†¦ â€Å" â€Å"Dr. Marlinson,† the Secret Service agent intervened, pulling a note from her blazer. â€Å"According to this note, which was given to me by Mr. Tolland, I have explicit orders to escort you down to the kitchen, have our chef make you anything you want, and ask you to explain to me in vivid detail how you saved yourself from certain death by†¦ † the agent hesitated, grimacing as she read the note again. â€Å"†¦ by urinating on yourself?† Apparently, the agent had said the magic words. Corky dropped his crutches on the spot and put an arm around the woman's shoulders for support, and said, â€Å"To the kitchen, love!† As the indisposed agent helped Corky hobble off down the hall, Rachel had no doubt Corky Marlinson was in heaven. â€Å"The urine is the key,† she heard him saying, â€Å"because those damned telencephalon olfactory lobes can smell everything!† The Lincoln Bedroom was dark when Rachel entered. She was surprised to see the bed empty and untouched. Michael Tolland was nowhere to be seen. An antique oil lamp burned near the bed, and in the soft radiance, she could barely make out the Brussels carpet†¦ the famous carved rosewood bed†¦ the portrait of Lincoln's wife, Mary Todd†¦ even the desk where Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. As Rachel closed the door behind her, she felt a clammy draft on her bare legs. Where is he? Across the room, a window was open, the white organza curtains billowing. She walked over to close the window, and an eerie whisper murmured from the closet. â€Å"Maaaarrrrrrrry†¦ â€Å" Rachel wheeled. â€Å"Maaaaaarrrrrrrry?† the voice whispered again. â€Å"Is that you?†¦ Mary Todd Liiiiiincoln?† Rachel quickly closed the window and turned back toward the closet. Her heart was racing, although she knew it was foolish. â€Å"Mike, I know that's you.† â€Å"Noooooo†¦ † the voice continued. â€Å"I am not Mike†¦ I am†¦ Aaaaabe.† Rachel put her hands on her hips. â€Å"Oh, really? Honest Abe?† A muffled laugh. â€Å"Moderately honest Abe†¦ yes.† Rachel was laughing now too. â€Å"Be afraaaaaaid,† the voice from the closet moaned. â€Å"Be veeeeeery afraid.† â€Å"I'm not afraid.† â€Å"Please be afraid†¦ † the voice moaned. â€Å"In the human species, the emotions of fear and sexual arousal are closely linked.† Rachel burst out laughing. â€Å"Is this your idea of a turn-on?† â€Å"Forgiiiive me†¦ † the voice moaned. â€Å"It's been yeeeeeeears since I've been with a woman.† â€Å"Evidently,† Rachel said, yanking the door open. Michael Tolland stood before her with his roguish, lopsided grin. He looked irresistible wearing a pair of navy blue satin pajamas. Rachel did a double take when she saw the presidential seal emblazoned on his chest. â€Å"Presidential pajamas?† He shrugged. â€Å"They were in the drawer.† â€Å"And all I had was this football jersey?† â€Å"You should have chosen the Lincoln Bedroom.† â€Å"You should have offered!† â€Å"I heard the mattress was bad. Antique horsehair.† Tolland winked, motioning to a gift-wrapped package on a marble-topped table. â€Å"This'll make it up to you.† Rachel was touched. â€Å"For me?† â€Å"I had one of the presidential aides go out and find this for you. Just arrived. Don't shake it.† She carefully opened the package, extracting the heavy contents. Inside was a large crystal bowl in which were swimming two ugly orange goldfish. Rachel stared in confused disappointment. â€Å"You're joking, right?† â€Å"Helostoma temmincki,† Tolland said proudly. â€Å"You bought me fish?† â€Å"Rare Chinese kissing fish. Very romantic.† â€Å"Fish are not romantic, Mike.† â€Å"Tell that to these guys. They'll kiss for hours.† â€Å"Is this supposed to be another turn-on?† â€Å"I'm rusty on the romance. Can you grade me on effort?† â€Å"For future reference, Mike, fish are definitely not a turn-on. Try flowers.† Tolland pulled a bouquet of white lilies from behind his back. â€Å"I tried for red roses,† he said, â€Å"but I almost got shot sneaking into the Rose Garden.† As Tolland pulled Rachel's body against his and inhaled the soft fragrance of her hair, he felt years of quiet isolation dissolving inside him. He kissed her deeply, feeling her body rise against him. The white lilies fell to their feet, and barriers Tolland had never known he'd built were suddenly melting away. The ghosts are gone. He felt Rachel inching him toward the bed now, her whisper soft in his ear. â€Å"You don't really think fish are romantic, do you?† â€Å"I do,† he said, kissing her again. â€Å"You should see the jellyfish mating ritual. Incredibly erotic.† Rachel maneuvered him onto his back on the horsehair mattress, easing her slender body down on top of his. â€Å"And seahorses†¦,† Tolland said, breathless as he savored her touch through the thin satin of his pajamas. â€Å"Seahorses perform†¦ an unbelievably sensual dance of love.† â€Å"Enough fish talk,† she whispered, unbuttoning his pajamas. â€Å"What can you tell me about the mating rituals of advanced primates?† Tolland sighed. â€Å"I'm afraid I don't really do primates.† Rachel shed her football jersey. â€Å"Well, nature boy, I suggest you learn fast.† Epilogue The NASA transport jet banked high over the Atlantic. Onboard, Administrator Lawrence Ekstrom took a last look at the huge charred rock in the cargo hold. Back to the sea, he thought. Where they found you. On Ekstrom's command, the pilot opened the cargo doors and released the rock. They watched as the mammoth stone plummeted downward behind the plane, arcing across the sunlit ocean sky and disappearing beneath the waves in a pillar of silver spray.

Brazil’s Communication Essay

Every country has unique, distinctive ways in which they interrelate and communicate with each other within their country. A country’s means of communication can be verbalized through verbal, non-verbal, and interpersonal communication channels. In the country of Brazil most people are not Hispanic but Latino, although many immigrant communities are from Europe, Africa, and Japan. The official language spoken in Brazil is Portuguese; however, Spanish, English, and French are other languages that are also spoken in Brazil. When greeting they expect a firm handshake with strong eye contact. When doing business in Brazil don’t be taken aback if they stand very close to you when speaking. Moving away may be interpreted as rejection. Brazil also uses many forms of non verbal communication. Much of this body language is comprised of culturally derived behaviors. When speaking to one another, it is not normal to take turns speaking. People will interrupt a conversation and will often speak at the same time as their peers. Another verbal communication pattern that Brazil practices is using first names when addressing a person. Also, one’s tone of voice is often high pitched when conversing with one another. Although daily conversation is conducted in a louder voice, it is not meant to express anger or hostility to anybody. In addition, verbal communication in Brazil is viewed as being theatrical and overly animated by other countries who are more reserved. In Brazil, physical appearance and surroundings are important and provide visual cues as to one’s status and tone of conversations. In many Latin countries, communication tends to be predominately oral rather than through written word. However, from the business aspect, when sending something in written format it is usually a good idea to follow up with a phone call or a visit in person. Over the last two decades, the telecom industry world over has grown and evolved at an incredible pace and has significantly changed the way people interact. Brazil Telecom offers long distance telecommunications services hrough some 8,034 million lines and 281,800 public telephones to customers in Brazil. Oi Telecom, formerly known as Telemar is the largest telecommunications company in Brazil, it was established in 2008 and has become the biggest company in Brazil on the Telecommunications sector. This company is present in 4600 cities in Brazil and it has influenced the price drop in the national level of the same services offered by competitors due to strength of its operations in the country.

Banana Fibre Manual

Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre A PEOPLE’S MANUAL WASTE TO WEALTH : CRAFT DEVELOPMENT USING BANANA FIBRE CAPRE FOUNDATION | Page 1 www. caprefoundation. org A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre About CAPRE Foundation CAPRE Foundation is a non-profit, voluntary organization registered in 1999 under Section 21 of the Societies Registrations Act, 1860. It was founded by grass roots people including tribals with a social conscience to work for socio-economic, cultural and educational upliftment of marginalized/underprivileged people.The foundation has been actively involved in social concerns such as sustainable livelihood, health and non formal education and is working on development programmes in rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Delhi. Mission Creating Awareness Programs to promote development as a liberating force aimed at inclusivity, social justice, economic growth and selfreliance for the upl iftment of rural marginalized and underprivileged people. Vision To create global awareness about the exclusion that underprivileged people suffer in India together with becoming a leading organization in transparency, good governance and best practice ________, Editor  © CAPRE Foundation, Allahabad Address Registered Office : 24 Strachey Road Civil Lines Dist. – Allahabad – 211001 (UP) Field Office : Professor’s Colony, Near Manavi, Shiv Pahar, Dumka – 814101, Jharkhand E-mail : [email  protected] com Website : www. caprefoundation. org Printed By : Page 2 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre Contents The Tree The Fibre Fibre Extraction Characteristics of Banana fibre Applications of Banana fibre Cost Benefit Analysis CAPRE Foundation ‘s efforts promote banana fibre craft A few products being developed by CAPRE Foundation 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9Page 3 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Developmen t Using Banana Fibre The tree Banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus Musa and for the fruit they produce. Bananas come in a variety of sizes and colors when ripe, including yellow, purple, and red. Almost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from the two wild species Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. The scientific names of bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana or hybrids Musa acuminata ? balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution.The old scientific names Musa sapientum and Musa paradisiaca are no longer used. The major banana producing states of India are Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Madhya Pradesh. The Fibre Banana plant not only gives the delicious fruit but it also provides textile fiber, the banana fiber. It grows easily as it sets out young shoots and is most commonly found in hot tropical climates. All varieties of banana plants have fibers in abundance. These fibers are obtained after th e fruit is harvested and fall in the group of bast fibers.This plant has long been a good source for high quality textiles in many parts of the world including India. After the fruit and the leaves are harvested, the bark of the tree is used which otherwise would have gone waste. The fibre is extracted from the bark of the tree which is the mother of so many beautiful handcrafted banana fibre products. Page 4 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre The banana fibre is composed of cellulose – 62%, lignin – 29%, hemicellulose 3%, rectin – 2%, miscellaneous – 4%. By-products of the fibre are : fabrics, ags, various types of mats, interior decoration items, window blinds, cushion covers, bolster covers, table lamps and folders, to name a few. The products are completely eco-friendly and bio-degradable. There is no consumption of electricity while making the products as it is made on the handlooms. Also, no chemicals are used in the manufacture. It is an excellent substitute for plastic and paper. Fibre Extraction Banana Fiber is extracted from Banana tree bark. The trunk is peeled. Browngreen skin is thrown away retaining the cleaner or white portion which will be processed into knotted fibers.The fibers are extracted through hand extraction machine composed of either serrated or non serrated knives. The peel is clamped between the wood plank and knife and hand-pulled through, removing the resinous material. The extracted fibers are sun-dried which whitens the fiber. Once dried, the fibers are ready for knotting. A bunch of fibers are mounted or clamped on a stick to facilitate segregation. Each fiber is separated according to fiber sizes and grouped accordingly. To knot the fiber, each fiber is separated and knotted to the end of another fiber manually.The separation and knotting is repeated until bunches of unknotted fibers are finished to form a long continuous strand. This fiber can now be use d for making various products. Characteristics of Banana fibre Banana fiber is a natural bast fiber. It has its own physical and chemical characteristics and many other properties that make it a fine quality fiber. ? Appearance of banana fiber is similar to that of bamboo fiber and ramie fiber, but its fineness and spinnability is better than the two. ? The chemical composition of banana fiber is cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.Page 5 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre ? It is highly strong fiber. ? It has smaller elongation. ? It has somewhat shiny appearance depending upon the extraction & spinning process. ? It is light weight. ? It has strong moisture absorption quality. It absorbs as well as releases moisture very fast. ? It is bio-degradable and has no negative effect on environment and thus can be categorized as eco-friendly fiber. ? Its average fineness is 2400Nm. ? It can be spun through almost all the methods of spinning in cluding ring spinning, open-end spinning, bast iber spinning, and semi-worsted spinning among others. Applications of Banana fibre In the recent past, banana fiber had a very limited application and was primarily used for making items like ropes, mats, and some other composite materials. With the increasing environmental awareness and growing importance of eco-friendly fabrics, banana fiber has also been recognized for all its good qualities and now its application is increasing in other fields too such as apparel garments and home furnishings. Banana fiber is also used to make fine cushion covers, Necties, bags, table cloths, curtains etc.Rugs made from banana silk yarn fibers are also very popular world over. Different applications of the fibre are – ? Banana fibre has great potentialities for paper making special demand of Hand made paper. ? Its fibre has used like rope, mats and other composite materials. ? Banana fibre has recognined for apparels and home furnishings. Pa ge 6 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre ? Polypropylene reinforced with banana fibre is used by automobile companies for making underfloor protection panels in luxurious cars like Mercedes. Banana fibre mostly used in making handicrafts and home decorative. ? Composite material of banana fibre used in building boards and fire resistance boards. ? Banana fibre is making products like paper bags, filter paper, greeting cards, decorative papers, pen stands, lamp stand and many more. ? Banana fibre in used currency notes in Germany and trial run in India also. ? During the research, it was found that paper made out of this fiber has shelf life of over 100 years as it is the strongest of the long fibres ever found amidst natural fibres.It can be folded for as many as 3,000 times. It can used currency and value-able documents like manuscript document preserver (Pundulipies). Cost benefit analysis (These costs are average estimates) Input cost: Nil Fixed Cost: Fibre Extraction Machine : Rs. 40,000 Variable cost: Plant cutting and useable raw material cost (Rs/acre): 3000 Labour cost (Rs/ month): 5000 Electricity charges (Rs/month): 1000 Other charges (Rs/months): 1000 Total cost (Rs/month): 10000 Output : Income from banana fibre (Rs/ Acre): 8000 Income from banana ibre (Rs/month): 16000 Income from Manure (Rs/Acre waste): 2000 Page 7 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre Total income: 18000 Net Income Rs : Output- Input : 8000 CAPRE Foundation ‘s efforts promote banana fibre craft The latest innovative idea being pushed by CAPRE Foundation is teaching women how to produce banana fiber and craft items from this fiber in Shankargarh and Kaurihar II block in Allahabad district with collaboration from Eco Green Unit of Coimbatore.Considerable work has been done in the field of direct use and product development from banana fruits. However, not much attention has been focused on effective utilization of the huge biomass generated in the form of pseudostem, leaves, suckers etc. In India, presently this biomass is dumped on roadside or burnt or left in situ causing detrimental impact on environment. Though, the technologies for extraction of fibres and paper making from pseudostem are available, not much has been done in northern India in this regard whilst Southern India is the leader in banana fibre craft.Capre Foundation has taken the lead and in collaboration with ECO GREEN UNIT from Coimbatore. However, there exists a vast potential of extracting fibres from pseudostem and using the fibre in making craft such as coasters, mats rugs wall hangings which CAPRE is already implementing with an effective marketing strategy in place with 100 per cent buy back by Eco Green Unit in Coimbatore. Page 8 A People’s Manual Waste to Wealth : Craft Development Using Banana Fibre A few products being developed by CAPRE Foundation Page 9 A People’s Manual